The preganglionic and ganglionic neurons are missing from the diagram below showing the distribution of sympathetic innervation. Indicate their distribution using red for the preganglionic neurons and black for the ganglionic neurons.

<IMAGE>

The autonomic division of the nervous system directs

(a) Voluntary motor activity

(b) Conscious control of skeletal muscles

(c) Unconscious control of skeletal muscles

(d) Processes that maintain homeostasis

(e) Sensory input from the skin

The division of the ANS that prepares the body for activity and stress is the_____division.

(a) sympathetic

(b) parasympathetic

(c) craniosacral

(d) intramural

(e) somatomotor

Effects produced by the parasympathetic branch of the ANS include

(a) Dilation of the pupils

(b) Increased secretion by digestive glands

(c) Dilation of respiratory passages

(d) Increased heart rate

(e) Increased breakdown of glycogen by the liver

A progressive disorder characterized by the loss of higher-order cerebral functions is

(a) Parkinson's disease

(b) Parasomnia

(c) Huntington's disease

(d) Alzheimer's disease

Starting in the spinal cord, trace an action potential through the sympathetic division of the ANS until it reaches a target organ in the abdominopelvic region.

Which four ganglia serve as origins for postganglionic fibers involved in control of visceral structures in the head?

What are the components of a visceral reflex arc?

What cellular mechanisms identified in animal studies are thought to be involved in memory formation and storage?

What physiological activities distinguish non-REM sleep from REM sleep?

What anatomical and functional changes in the brain are linked to alterations that occur with aging?

All preganglionic autonomic fibers release______at their axon terminals, and the effects are always_____ .

(a) norepinephrine, inhibitory

(b) norepinephrine, excitatory

(c) acetylcholine, excitatory

(d) acetylcholine, inhibitory

The neurotransmitter at all synapses and neuromuscular or neuroglandular junctions in the parasympathetic division of the ANS is

(a) Epinephrine

(b) Norepinephrine

(c) Cyclic-AMP

(d) Acetylcholine

How does the emergence of sympathetic fibers from the spinal cord differ from the emergence of parasympathetic fibers?

Which three collateral ganglia serve as origins for ganglionic neurons that innervate organs or tissues in the abdominopelvic region?

What two distinctive results are produced by the stimulation of sympathetic ganglionic neurons?

Which four pairs of cranial nerves are associated with the cranial segment of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

Which six plexuses in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities innervate visceral organs, and what are the effects of sympathetic versus parasympathetic stimulation?

What three characteristics are shared by higher-order functions?

Dual innervation refers to situations in which

(a) Vital organs receive instructions from both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.

(b) The atria and ventricles of the heart receive autonomic stimulation from the same nerves.

(c) Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers have similar effects.

(d) All of these are correct.

Damage to the hippocampus, a component of the limbic system, leads to

(a) A loss of emotion due to forgetfulness

(b) A loss of consciousness

(c) A loss of long-term memory

(d) An immediate loss of short-term memory

Why does sympathetic function remain intact even when the anterior roots of the cervical spinal nerves are damaged?

During sympathetic stimulation, a person may begin to feel 'on edge'; this is the result of

(a) Increased energy metabolism by muscle tissue

(b) Increased cardiovascular activity

(c) Stimulation of the reticular activating system

(d) Temporary insensitivity to painful stimuli

(e) Decreased levels of epinephrine in the blood

Under which of the following circumstances would the diameter of peripheral blood vessels be greatest?

(a) Increased sympathetic stimulation

(b) Decreased sympathetic stimulation

(c) Increased parasympathetic stimulation

(d) Decreased parasympathetic stimulation

(e) Both increased parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation

A possible side effect of a drug used to open the airways of someone suffering from an asthma attack is

(a) Decreased activity of the digestive system

(b) Diarrhea

(c) Profuse urination

(d) Increased blood pressure

(e) Decreased heart rate

You are home alone at night when you hear what sounds like breaking glass. What physiological effects would this experience probably produce, and what would be their cause?

Why is autonomic tone a significant part of ANS function?

Nicotine stimulates cholinergic receptors of the ANS. Based on this information, how would cigarette smoking affect the cardiovascular system?

The condition known as shock is characterized in part by a decreased return of venous blood to the heart. How could an upsetting situation, such as the sight of a tragic accident or very bad news, produce some temporary symptoms of shock?

Phil is stung on his cheek by a wasp. Because Phil is allergic to wasp venom, his throat begins to swell and his respiratory passages constrict. Would acetylcholine or epinephrine be more helpful in relieving his condition? Why?