All of the following characterize the ANS except

a. A two-neuron efferent chain

b. Presence of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

c. Presence of neuron cell bodies in the ganglia

d. Innervation of skeletal muscles

Relate each of the following terms or phrases to either the sympathetic (S) or parasympathetic (P) division of the autonomic nervous system: 

______ (1) Short preganglionic, long postganglionic fibers 

______ (2) Intramural ganglia 

______ (3) Craniosacral part 

______ (4) Adrenergic fibers 

______ (5) Cervical ganglia 

______ (6) Otic and ciliary ganglia

Relate each of the following terms or phrases to either the sympathetic (S) or parasympathetic (P) division of the autonomic nervous system: 

______ (7) Generally short-duration action 

______ (8) Increases heart rate and blood pressure 

______ (9) Increases gastric motility and secretion of lacrimal, salivary, and digestive juices 

______ (10) Innervates blood vessels 

______ (11) Most active when you are relaxing in a hammock 

______ (12) Active when you are running in the Boston Marathon

The white rami communicantes contain what kind of fibers?

a. Preganglionic parasympathetic

b. Postganglionic parasympathetic

c. Preganglionic sympathetic

d. Postganglionic sympathetic

Collateral sympathetic ganglia are involved with innervating

a. abdominal organs

b. thoracic organs

c. head

d. arrector pili

e. all of these

Biogenic amine neurotransmitters include all but

a. Norepinephrine

b. Acetylcholine

c. Dopamine

d. Serotonin

The parasympathetic nervous system influences digestion by:

a. Relaxing smooth muscle

b. Stimulating peristalsis and secretory activity

c. Constricting sphincters

d. None of these

Neuropeptides that act as natural opiates include

a. Substance P

b. Somatostatin and cholecystokinin

c. Tachykinins

d. Enkephalins

Where are the cell bodies of visceral sensory neurons?

Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by poisoning blocks neurotransmission at the neuromuscular junction because

a. ACh is no longer released by the presynaptic terminal.

b. ACh synthesis in the presynaptic terminal is blocked.

c. ACh is not degraded, so prolonged depolarization is enforced on the postsynaptic cell.

d. ACh is blocked from attaching to the postsynaptic ACh receptors.

Briefly explain why the following terms are sometimes used to refer to the autonomic nervous system: involuntary nervous system and emotional-visceral system.

Describe the anatomical relationship of the white and gray rami communicantes to the spinal nerve, and indicate the kind of fibers found in each ramus type.

Indicate the results of sympathetic activation of the following structures: sweat glands, eye pupils, adrenal medullae, heart, bronchioles of the lungs, liver, blood vessels of vigorously working skeletal muscles, blood vessels of digestive viscera, salivary glands.

Which of the effects listed in response to question 9 would be reversed by parasympathetic activity?

Describe the meaning and importance of sympathetic tone and parasympathetic tone.

Tiffany, a 21-year-old college student, is having trouble sleeping, cries frequently, and has recurrent thoughts of suicide. An antidepressant is prescribed. Like many such drugs, this antidepressant has anticholinergic side effects. What side effects might Tiffany experience in the first week of treatment?

As the aroma of freshly brewed coffee drifted by dozing Henry's nose, his mouth started to water and his stomach began to rumble. Explain his reactions in terms of ANS activity.

Mr. Johnson suffers from urinary retention and a hypoactive urinary bladder. Bethanechol, a drug that mimics acetylcholine's autonomic effects, is prescribed to manage his problem. First explain the rationale for prescribing bethanechol, and then predict which of the following adverse effects Mr. Johnson might experience while taking this drug (select all that apply): dizziness, low blood pressure, deficient tear formation, wheezing, increased mucus production in bronchi, deficient salivation, diarrhea, cramping, excessive sweating, undesirable erection of penis.

Describe the neural mechanisms responsible for controlling blood pressure.

A 32-year-old woman complains of intermittent aching pains in the medial two fingers of both hands. During such episodes, the fingers become blanched and then blue. Her history is taken, and it is noted that she is a heavy smoker. The physician advises her that she must stop smoking and states that she will not prescribe any medication until the patient has discontinued smoking for a month. What is this patient's condition, and why was she told to stop smoking?

Since at any moment a neuron is likely to have thousands of neurons releasing neurotransmitters at its surface, how is neuronal activity (to fire or not to fire) determined?

A reflex that causes reciprocal activation of the antagonist muscle is the

a. Crossed-extensor

b. Flexor

c. Tendon

d. Muscle stretch

The effects of neurotransmitter binding are very brief. Explain.

Mrs. Jones has had a progressive decline in her mental capabilities in the last five or six years. At first her family attributed her occasional memory lapses, confusion, and agitation to grief over her husband's death six years earlier. When examined, Mrs. Jones was aware of her cognitive problems and was shown to have an IQ score approximately 30 points less than would be predicted by her work history. A CT scan showed diffuse cerebral atrophy. The physician prescribed an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and Mrs. Jones showed slight improvement. What is Mrs. Jones's problem? Why did the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor help?

Explain both the anatomical and functional divisions of the nervous system. Include the subdivisions of each.

In the Netherlands a young man named Jan was admitted to the emergency room. He and his friends had been to a rave. His friends say he started twitching and having muscle spasms which progressed until he was 'stiff as a board.' On examination, staff found a marked increase in muscle tone and hyperreflexia involving facial and limb muscles. In his pocket, he had unmarked dark yellow tablets with dark flecks. Analysis of the tablets showed them to contain a mixture of ecstasy and strychnine. Ecstasy would not cause this clinical picture, but strychnine, which blocks glycine receptors, could. Explain how.

Tara, a 16-year-old girl, was rushed to the hospital after taking a bad spill off the parallel bars. After she had a complete neurological workup, her family was told that she would be permanently paralyzed from the waist down. During rehabilitation, her neurologist outlined for Tara and her parents the importance of preventing complications in such cases. Common complications include urinary infection, bed sores, and muscular spasms. Using your knowledge of neuroanatomy, explain the underlying reasons for these complications.