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Problem 14
Cortisol is:
a. A potent inhibitor of the inflammatory response.
b. An important part of the stress response.
c. Both a and b are correct.
d. Neither a nor b is correct.
Problem 15
Describe the components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, and explain how it regulates secretion from the adrenal gland.
Problem 16
Which of the following hormones is not an integral part of the stress response?
a. Epinephrine
b. Cortisol
c. Insulin
d. Glucagon
Problem 17
Which of the following statements about the adrenal medulla is false?
a. Secretion from the adrenal medulla is triggered by ACTH and the sympathetic nervous system.
b. The adrenal medulla consists of glandular epithelial cells.
c. The adrenal medulla is a modified postsynaptic sympathetic ganglion.
d. The products of the adrenal medulla prolong the effects of the sympathetic response.
Problem 18
Explain how insulin and glucagon are antagonists.
Problem 19
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by______, and type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by_____.
a. hypoglycemia; destruction of the pancreatic β cells
b. destruction of the pancreatic β cells; destruction of the pancreatic α cells
c. insulin resistance; destruction of the pancreatic β cells
d. destruction of the pancreatic β cells; insulin resistance
Problem 20
Match the following hormones with their correct descriptions.
Leptin
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Melatonin
Estrogens
Erythropoietin
Testosterone
a. Produced by the pineal gland; regulates the sleep/wake cycle
b. Produced by the kidneys; regulates red blood cell production
c. Produced by the heart; promotes sodium ion loss in the kidneys and vasodilation
d. Produced by the testes; promotes androgenic and anabolic actions
e. Produced by adipose tissue; promotes satiety
f. Produced by the ovaries; regulate the menstrual cycle and the development of secondary sex characteristics
Problem 21a
Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
Both ADH and aldosterone increase the amount of water in the body and decrease the solute concentration of the blood.
Problem 21b
Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
Thyroid hormones and insulin maintain blood glucose concentration during fasting.
Problem 21c
Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
During exercise, the parasympathetic nervous system increases the metabolic rate.
Problem 21d
Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
Insulin secretion rises during feeding; growth hormone and glucagon are secreted during feeding if protein is present in the meal.