Cardiac output is equal to:


a. end-diastolic volume minus end-systolic volume.
b. heart rate multiplied by stroke volume.
c. stroke volume divided by end-diastolic volume.
d. heart rate multiplied by preload.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

a. Systole is the contraction portion of the cardiac cycle and diastole is the relaxation portion.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

b. Atrial systole is responsible for ejecting most of the blood into the ventricles during the ventricular filling phase of the cardiac cycle.

Which chamber generates the highest pressure during systole?

a. Right atrium

b. Right ventricle

c. Left atrium

d. Left ventricle

Fill in the blanks: The first heart sound is called______and it is caused by the closing of the_____valves. It occurs at the beginning of the_____phase of the cardiac cycle. The second heart sound is called_____and it is caused by the closing of the______ valves. It occurs at the beginning of the_____phase of the cardiac cycle.

Fill in the blanks: An increase in preload causes a/an_____ in stroke volume in accordance with the_____ law. An increase in afterload causes a/an ______in stroke volume. An increase in contractility causes a/an______in stroke volume.

Which of the following statements is false?

a. The sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are positive chronotropic and inotropic agents.

b. The endocrine system regulates cardiac output through chronotropic and inotropic hormones and through hormones that regulate water balance.

c. The parasympathetic nervous system releases acetylcholine and epinephrine, which are strongly negative inotropic agents.

d. Factors such as electrolyte concentrations, body temperature, and age all affect cardiac output.

You are an athletic trainer who is working with someone planning to run a marathon. Your trainee tells you to give him a workout that will make his heart 'beat faster than ever before.' What do you tell him about the effects of too rapid a heart rate?