The perirenal fat capsule is a transparent capsule that prevents infections in surrounding regions from spreading to the kidney.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

c. Sodium ion reabsorption creates a gradient that helps drive the reabsorption of water and many other solutes from the proximal tubule.

Which of the following conditions does not contribute to the creation and/or maintenance of the medullary osmotic gradient?

a. The countercurrent exchanger of the vasa recta

b. The countercurrent multiplier of the nephron loops of cortical nephrons

c. The countercurrent multiplier of the nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons

d. The permeability of the medullary collecting system to urea and other ions

In the event of a traumatic injury, which layer surrounding the kidney provides a cushioning effect due to its fatty composition?

The kidneys are surrounded by a tough, fibrous layer of tissue called the: