Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 39m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 8m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 28m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System3h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

21. The Immune System

Effects of the Complement System

Anatomy & Physiology

21. The Immune System

Effects of the Complement System

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Multiple Choice

The complement system can lead to the removal or destruction of invading microbes and the inflammatory response. Which immune response of the complement system is not effective against gram-positive (+) pathogenic bacteria?

Opsonization of invading microbe.

Inflammatory response.

Cell lysis of invading microbe.

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the complement system: The complement system is a part of the immune system that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells, promote inflammation, and attack the pathogen's cell membrane.

Identify the mechanisms of the complement system: The complement system can lead to opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves marking pathogens for destruction by phagocytes, inflammation recruits immune cells to the site of infection, and cell lysis involves the destruction of the pathogen's cell membrane.

Recognize the structure of gram-positive bacteria: Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall, which makes them resistant to certain immune responses, particularly those targeting the cell membrane.

Analyze why cell lysis is ineffective: The thick peptidoglycan layer in gram-positive bacteria prevents the complement system from effectively lysing the cell membrane, as the membrane attack complex (MAC) cannot penetrate this layer.

Conclude the effectiveness of other responses: While cell lysis is ineffective against gram-positive bacteria, opsonization and the inflammatory response can still be effective in targeting these pathogens by enhancing phagocytosis and recruiting immune cells.