Explain how emphysema and congestive heart failure can lead to acid-base imbalance.

Explain how chemical buffer systems resist changes in pH.

Explain the relationship of the following to renal secretion and excretion of hydrogen ions:a. plasma carbon dioxide levels,b. phosphate, andc. sodium bicarbonate reabsorption.

Describe the role of the respiratory system in controlling acid-base balance.

For each of the following sets of blood values, name the acid-base imbalance (acidosis or alkalosis), determine its cause (metabolic or respiratory), decide whether the condition is being compensated, and cite at least one possible cause of the imbalance.Problem 1: pH 7.63; Pco₂ 19 mm Hg; Hco₃⁻ 19.5 mEq/LProblem 2: pH 7.22; Pco₂ 30 mm Hg; Hco₃⁻ 12.0 mEq/L

During a routine medical checkup, Shelby, a 26-year-old physiotherapy student, is surprised to hear that her blood pressure is 180/110. She also has a rumbling systolic and diastolic abdominal bruit (murmur) that is loudest at the mid-epigastric area. Her physician suspects renal artery stenosis (narrowing). She orders an abdominal ultrasound and renal artery arteriography, which confirm that Shelby has a small right kidney and the distal part of her right renal artery is narrowed by more than 70%. Her physician prescribes diuretics and calcium channel blockers as temporary measures, and refers Shelby to a cardiovascular surgeon. Explain the connection between Shelby's renal artery stenosis and her hypertension. Why is her right kidney smaller than her left? What would you expect Shelby's blood levels of K⁺, Na⁺, aldosterone, angiotensin II, and renin to be?