Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart2h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

16. The Endocrine System

Introduction to the Endocrine System

Anatomy & Physiology

16. The Endocrine System

Introduction to the Endocrine System

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Multiple Choice

In which of the following mechanisms of hormone action do intracellular calcium ions act as a final mediator?

DAG

cAMP

cGMP

PIP₂-calcium signaling mechanism

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Verified step by step guidance

Begin by understanding the role of intracellular calcium ions in hormone signaling. Calcium ions often act as secondary messengers in various signaling pathways, amplifying the signal initiated by the hormone.

Identify the PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism. This mechanism involves the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) by the enzyme phospholipase C, which is activated by a hormone-receptor interaction.

Recognize that the hydrolysis of PIP2 results in the formation of two secondary messengers: inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 is responsible for the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores.

Understand that the released calcium ions act as a final mediator in the signaling pathway, leading to various cellular responses such as muscle contraction, secretion, or metabolism changes.

Compare this mechanism with others like cAMP and cGMP, which do not primarily use calcium ions as a final mediator. This helps in identifying the unique role of calcium in the PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism.