Compare and contrast controls of bone remodeling exerted by hormones and by mechanical and gravitational forces, including the purpose of each control system and changes in bone architecture that might occur.

Which three organs or tissues interact to assist in the regulation of calcium ion concentration in body fluids?

What are the major effects of parathyroid hormone?

The process of bone growth at the epiphyseal cartilage is similar to (a) intramembranous ossification, (b) endochondral ossification, (c) the process of osteopenia, (d) the process of healing a fracture, (e) the process of calcification.

The vitamins essential for normal adult bone maintenance and repair are (a) A and E, (b) C and D3, (c) B and E, (d) B complex and K.

Formation of the bony callus in fracture repair is followed bya. hematoma formationb. fibrocartilaginous callus formationc. bone remodelingd. formation of granulation tissue.

While playing on her swing set, 10-year-old Sally falls and breaks her right leg. At the emergency room, the doctor tells her parents that the proximal end of the tibia where the epiphysis meets the diaphysis is fractured. The fracture is properly set and eventually heals. During a routine physical when she is 18, Sally learns that her right leg is 2 cm shorter than her left, probably because of her accident. What might account for this difference?

Deborah, a 75-year-old woman, stumbled slightly while walking, then felt a terrible pain in her left hip. At the hospital, X-ray images revealed that the hip was broken. Also, the compact bone and spongy bone throughout her spine were very thin. What was her probable condition?

The primary reason that osteoporosis accelerates after menopause in women is (a) reduced levels of circulating estrogens, (b) reduced levels of vitamin C, (c) diminished osteoclast activity, (d) increased osteoblast activity.