Name the following pathways:

c. Pathway for synthesis of glucose from lactate

Identify each step in glycolysis that is an isomerization.

In Figure 22.3, compare the starting compound (glucose) and the final product (pyruvate).

a. Which is oxidized to a greater extent?

Use curved arrows (like those in Figure 22.3) to write an equation for the conversion of fructose to fructose 6-phosphate by ATP. At what step does fructose 6-phosphate enter glycolysis?

In alcoholic fermentation, each mole of pyruvate is converted to one mole of carbon dioxide and one mole of ethanol. In the process, about 50 kcal/mol (209 kJ/mol) of energy is produced. Under the most favorable conditions, more than one-half of this energy is stored as ATP.

a. What happens to the remaining energy produced in alcoholic fermentation?

Pyruvate has three different fates. What are the three different molecules pyruvate is converted into? What conditions exist for the formation of each product?

Glycolysis of one molecule of glucose produces 8 ATP molecules. How many ATP molecules are produced from glycolysis of 10 glucose molecules?

What two types of reactions convert glycerol to dihydroxyacetone phosphate?

What is the purpose of the Cori cycle?

Glucose 6-phosphate is in a pivotal position in metabolism. Depending on conditions, glucose 6-phosphate follows one of several pathways. Under what conditions do the following occur?

b. Hydrolysis to free glucose

Glucose 6-phosphate is in a pivotal position in metabolism. Depending on conditions, glucose 6-phosphate follows one of several pathways. Under what conditions do the following occur?

d. Glycogenesis

Outline the conditions that direct pyruvate toward the following:

b. Conversion to ethanol and CO₂

In what tissues or organisms is each pathway present?

Outline the conditions that direct pyruvate toward the following:

c. Conversion to lactate

In what tissues or organisms is each pathway present?

Outline the conditions that direct pyruvate toward the following:

d. Glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis)

In what tissues or organisms is each pathway present?

Name the molecules used for gluconeogenesis. What are the sources of these molecules? Under what conditions would gluconeogenesis occur?