Hemoglobins from two individuals are compared by electrophoresis and by fingerprinting. Electrophoresis reveals no difference in migration, but fingerprinting shows an amino acid difference. How is this possible?

Define and describe the differences in the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of a protein.

Contrast the contributions of Pauling and Ingram to our understanding of the genetic basis for sickle-cell anemia.

HbS results in anemia and resistance to malaria, whereas in those with HbA, the parasite Plasmodium falciparum is able to invade red blood cells and cause malaria. Predict whether those with HbC are likely to be anemic and whether they would be resistant to malaria.

Define and compare the four levels of protein organization.

What are the two common types of protein secondary structure, and how do they differ?