Table of contents

1. Introduction to Genetics51m
2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance3h 37m
3. Extensions to Mendelian Inheritance2h 41m
4. Genetic Mapping and Linkage2h 28m
5. Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses1h 21m
6. Chromosomal Variation1h 48m
7. DNA and Chromosome Structure56m
8. DNA Replication1h 10m
9. Mitosis and Meiosis1h 34m
10. Transcription1h 0m
11. Translation58m
12. Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes1h 19m
13. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes44m
14. Genetic Control of Development44m
15. Genomes and Genomics1h 50m
16. Transposable Elements47m
17. Mutation, Repair, and Recombination1h 6m
18. Molecular Genetic Tools19m
- Genetic Cloning
  9m
- Methods for Analyzing DNA
  9m
19. Cancer Genetics29m
- Overview of Cancer
  21m
- Cancer Mutations
  7m
20. Quantitative Genetics1h 26m
21. Population Genetics50m
- Hardy Weinberg
  19m
- Allelic Frequency Changes
  31m
22. Evolutionary Genetics29m

5. Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses

Bacterial Transformation

Genetics

5. Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses

Bacterial Transformation

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Multiple Choice

Scientists must use what type of cells to transform DNA in the laboratory?

Viable cells

Animal cells

Competent cells

Heat sensitive cells

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Understand the concept of 'competent cells': Competent cells are bacterial cells that have been treated to allow them to take up foreign DNA. This is a crucial step in genetic engineering and molecular cloning.

Recognize the role of competent cells in transformation: Transformation is the process of introducing foreign DNA into a cell. Competent cells are specifically prepared to increase the efficiency of DNA uptake.

Differentiate between the types of cells mentioned: Viable cells are living cells capable of growth, but not necessarily prepared for DNA uptake. Animal cells are eukaryotic cells, which are not typically used for bacterial transformation. Heat-sensitive cells are those that can be damaged by heat, which is not directly related to DNA transformation.

Identify why competent cells are used: Competent cells have altered cell walls that allow DNA to pass through more easily, making them ideal for laboratory transformation processes.

Conclude that competent cells are the correct choice for transforming DNA in the laboratory due to their enhanced ability to uptake DNA efficiently.

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Related Practice

Open Question

For the experiment in Problem 26, another gene, g, was studied. It demonstrated positive cotransformation when tested with gene f. Predict the results of testing gene g with genes a, b, c, d, and e.

Open Question

A wild-type culture of haploid yeast is exposed to ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Yeast cells are plated on a complete medium, and 6 colonies (colonies numbered 1 to 6) are transferred to a new complete medium plate for further study. Four replica plates are made from the complete medium plate to plates containing minimal medium or minimal medium plus one amino acid4 (replica plates numbered 1 to 4) with the following results:

Identify the colonies that are auxotrophic (mutant). What growth information leads to your answer?

Open Question

A wild-type culture of haploid yeast is exposed to ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Yeast cells are plated on a complete medium, and 6 colonies (colonies numbered 1 to 6) are transferred to a new complete medium plate for further study. Four replica plates are made from the complete medium plate to plates containing minimal medium or minimal medium plus one amino acid4 (replica plates numbered 1 to 4) with the following results:

Identify the colonies that are prototrophic (wild type). What growth information leads to your answer?

Multiple Choice

Transformation is the process of what occurring with DNA?

Multiple Choice

The DNA from a bacterium with the genotype a+ b+ c+ is used to transform a bacteria with the genotype a b c. Gene pairs were checked for cotransformation with the following results. Using these results determine which genes are linked.

Open Question

In a transformation experiment, donor DNA was obtained from a prototroph bacterial strain (a⁺b⁺c⁺) and the recipient was a triple auxotroph (a⁻b⁻c⁻). What general conclusions can you draw about the linkage relationships among the three genes from the following transformant classes that were recovered?a⁺ b⁻ c⁻ 180a⁻ b⁺ c⁻ 150a⁺ b⁺ c⁻ 210a⁻ b⁻ c⁺ 179a⁺ b⁻ c⁺ 2a⁻ b⁺ c⁺ 1a⁺ b⁺ c⁺ 3

Open Question

Describe the role of heteroduplex formation during transformation.

Open Question

Penicillin was first used in the 1940s to treat gonorrhea infections produced by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In 1984, according to the CDC, fewer than 1% of gonorrhea infections were caused by penicillin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae. By 1990, more than 10% of cases were penicillin-resistant, and a few years later the level of resistance was at greater than 95%. Almost every year the CDC issues new treatment guidelines for gonorrhea that identify the recommended antibiotic drugs and dosages.

What are the long-term implications of these frequent changes in treatment recommendations for the patient population?

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