For each of these contour representations of molecular orbitals, identify (b) the type of MO (s or p) (iii)

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Observe the contour representation of the molecular orbital in the image.

Identify the shape of the molecular orbital. In this case, it appears to be elongated along one axis, indicating a p-orbital.

Note the presence of a nodal plane (a region where the probability of finding an electron is zero) between the positive and negative regions, which is characteristic of p-orbitals.

Determine the type of molecular orbital (MO) based on the shape and nodal plane. Since it has a nodal plane and is elongated, it is a p-type MO.

Conclude that the molecular orbital shown in the image is a p-type molecular orbital.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Molecular Orbitals (MOs)

Molecular orbitals are formed by the combination of atomic orbitals when atoms bond together. They can be classified as bonding, antibonding, or non-bonding, depending on the phase relationship of the combining atomic orbitals. Understanding the shape and energy of these orbitals is crucial for predicting the behavior of molecules in chemical reactions.

Types of Atomic Orbitals

Atomic orbitals are regions in an atom where there is a high probability of finding electrons. The main types are s and p orbitals. S orbitals are spherical and can hold up to two electrons, while p orbitals are dumbbell-shaped and can hold up to six electrons across three orientations (px, py, pz). Identifying the type of molecular orbital often involves recognizing these shapes.

Contour Representation

Contour representations visually depict the regions of positive and negative phase in molecular orbitals. The areas where the orbital has a positive phase are often shown in one color, while negative phases are shown in another. This representation helps in understanding the electron density distribution and the bonding characteristics of the molecule.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

The following is part of a molecular orbital energy-level diagram for MOs constructed from 1s atomic orbitals.

(a) What labels do we use for the two MOs shown?

Textbook Question

For each of these contour representations of molecular orbitals, identify (a) the atomic orbitals (s or p) used to construct the MO (i)

Textbook Question

For each of these contour representations of molecular orbitals, identify (a) the atomic orbitals (s or p) used to construct the MO (iii)

Textbook Question

For each of these contour representations of molecular orbitals, identify (b) the type of MO (s or p) (i)

Textbook Question

For each of these contour representations of molecular orbitals, identify (c) whether the MO is bonding or antibonding (i)

Textbook Question

a. Methane (CH4) and the perchlorate ion (ClO4−) are both described as tetrahedral. What does this indicate about their bond angles?