Ch.2 - Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

Problem 105

Chapter 2, Problem 105

From the molecular structures shown here, identify the one that corresponds to each of the following species: (a) chlorine gas; (b) propane; (c) nitrate ion; (d) sulfur trioxide; (e) methyl chloride, CH3Cl.

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Identify the molecular structure of chlorine gas (Cl2). Chlorine gas consists of two chlorine atoms bonded together.

Identify the molecular structure of propane (C3H8). Propane consists of three carbon atoms bonded in a chain with eight hydrogen atoms attached.

Identify the molecular structure of the nitrate ion (NO3-). The nitrate ion consists of one nitrogen atom bonded to three oxygen atoms, with one of the bonds being a double bond.

Identify the molecular structure of sulfur trioxide (SO3). Sulfur trioxide consists of one sulfur atom bonded to three oxygen atoms, with all bonds being double bonds.

Identify the molecular structure of methyl chloride (CH3Cl). Methyl chloride consists of one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms and one chlorine atom.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Molecular Structure

Molecular structure refers to the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms within a molecule. It determines the molecule's shape, bond angles, and overall geometry, which are crucial for understanding its chemical properties and reactivity. For example, the linear structure of chlorine gas (Cl2) contrasts with the tetrahedral structure of methane (CH4), influencing their interactions.

Chemical Formula

A chemical formula represents the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule. It provides essential information about the composition of a substance, such as CH3Cl for methyl chloride, indicating one carbon, three hydrogens, and one chlorine atom. Understanding chemical formulas is vital for identifying and distinguishing between different compounds.

Ionic vs. Covalent Compounds

Ionic compounds are formed through the transfer of electrons between atoms, resulting in charged ions, while covalent compounds involve the sharing of electrons. For instance, the nitrate ion (NO3-) is an ionic species, whereas propane (C3H8) is a covalent molecule. Recognizing the differences between these types of compounds helps in predicting their behavior and interactions.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

From the following list of elements—Ar, H, Ga, Al, Ca, Br, Ge, K, O—pick the one that best fits each description. Use each element only once: (a) an alkali metal, (b) an alkaline earth metal, (c) a noble gas, (d) a halogen, (e) a metalloid, (f) a nonmetal listed in group 1A, (g) a metal that forms a 3+ ion, (h) a nonmetal that forms a 2- ion, (i) an element that resembles aluminum.

Textbook Question

The first atoms of seaborgium (Sg) were identified in 1974. The longest-lived isotope of Sg has a mass number of 266. (a) How many protons, electrons, and neutrons are in an ²⁶⁶Sg atom?

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Textbook Question

The first atoms of seaborgium (Sg) were identified in 1974. The longest-lived isotope of Sg has a mass number of 266. (b) Atoms of Sg are very unstable, and it is therefore difficult to study this element's properties. Based on the position of Sg in the periodic table, what element should it most closely resemble in its chemical properties?

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Textbook Question

Fill in the blanks in the following table:

Cation Anion Formula Name

Lithium oxide

Fe²⁺ PO₄^3-

Al₂(SO₄)₃

Copper(II) nitrate

Cr³⁺I⁻

MnClO₂

Ammonium carbonate

Zinc perchlorate

Complete the first column of the table.

Textbook Question

Fill in the blanks in the following table:

Cation Anion Formula Name

Lithium oxide

Fe²⁺ PO₄^3-

Al₂(SO₄)₃

Copper(II) nitrate

Cr³⁺I⁻

MnClO₂

Ammonium carbonate

Zinc perchlorate

Complete the third column of the table.

Complete the fourth column of the table.