All of the following are considered innate body defenses except:

a. Complement

b. Phagocytosis

c. Antibodies

d. Lysozyme

e. Inflammation

The process by which neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls in response to inflammatory signals is called:

a. Diapedesis

b. Chemotaxis

c. Margination

d. Opsonization

Antibodies released by plasma cells are involved in:

a. Humoral immunity

b. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions

c. Autoimmune disorders

d. All of the above

Which antibody class is abundant in body secretions?

a. IgA

b. IgD

c. IgE

d. IgG

e. IgM

Small molecules that must combine with large proteins to become immunogenic are called:

a. Complete antigens

b. Kinins

c. Antigenic determinants

d. Haptens

Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the bone marrow are:

a. T lymphocytes

b. B lymphocytes

c. NK cells

d. B and T lymphocytes

Cells that can directly attack target cells include all of the following except:

a. Macrophages

b. Cytotoxic T cells

c. Helper T cells

d. Natural killer cells

Which of the following is not involved in the activation of a B cell?

a. Antigen

b. Helper T cell

c. Cytokine

d. Cytotoxic T cell

Complement activation promotes all of the following except:

a. Cell lysis

b. Inflammation

c. Opsonization

d. Interferon release

e. Chemotaxis of neutrophils and other cell

Using the letters from column B, match the cell description in column A.

(Note that all require more than a single choice.)

Column A

_____ (1) Phagocytic “cleanup crew”

_____ (2) Releases histamine

_____ (3) Releases perforins

_____ (4) Lymphocyte

_____ (5) Effector cells of adaptive immunity

_____ (6) Antigen-presenting cell

Column B

a. Natural killer cell

b. Neutrophil

c. Dendritic cell

d. Mast cell

e. Cytotoxic T cell

f. B cell

g. Macrophage

h. Helper T cell

i. Basophil

The cell type most often invaded by HIV is a(n):

a. Eosinophil

b. Cytotoxic T cell

c. Natural killer cell

d. Helper T cell

e. B cell

Name the five antibody classes and describe where each is most likely to be found in the body.

Besides acting as mechanical barriers, the skin epidermis and mucosae of the body have other attributes that contribute to their protective roles. Cite the common body locations and the importance of mucus, lysozyme, keratin, acid pH, and cilia.

What is complement? How does it cause bacterial lysis? What are some of the other roles of complement?

Interferons are referred to as antiviral proteins. What stimulates their production, and how do they protect uninfected cells? Which cells of the body secrete interferons?

Define immunocompetence and self-tolerance. How is self-tolerance achieved?

Differentiate between a primary and a secondary immune response. Which is more rapid and why?

Define antibody. Using an appropriately labeled diagram, describe the structure of an antibody monomer. Indicate and label variable and constant regions, heavy and light chains.

How do antibodies help defend the body?

Describe the functional problems that would be experienced by a person in which these fiber tracts have been cut:

a. Lateral spinothalamic

b. Ventral and dorsal spinocerebellar

c. Tectospinal

Name several cytokines and describe their role in the immune response.

Define hypersensitivity. List three types of hypersensitivity reactions. For each, note whether antibodies or T cells are involved and provide examples.

Differentiate between humoral and cellular adaptive immunity.

Although the adaptive immune system has two arms, it has been said, 'no T cells, no immunity.' Explain.

Capillary permeability increases and plasma proteins leak into the interstitial fluid as part of the inflammatory process. Why is this desirable?

Caroline, a pregnant 29-year-old, has been HIV-positive for at least 10 years, dating back to when she was homeless and injecting heroin. While she currently has no symptoms of AIDS, she is taking several medications and is worried about the possibility that her baby might be infected. How do you think the HIV virus might be transferred from a mother to her offspring? Which of Caroline’s cells are infected by the virus, and why is the viral attack on these cells so devastating? Why is Caroline taking medication even though she has no symptoms?