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Problem 1
List four types of symbiotic relationships, and give an example of each.
Problem 1
A microbe that causes disease is called a __________ .
Problem 1
In which type of symbiosis do both members benefit from their interaction?
a. Mutualism
b. Parasitism
c. Commensalism
d. Pathogenesis
Problem 2
Infections that may go unnoticed because of the absence of symptoms are called __________ infections.
Problem 2
List three conditions that create opportunities for pathogens to become harmful in a human.
Problem 2
An axenic environment is one that:
a. Exists in the human mouth
b. Contains only one species
c. Exists in the human colon
d. Both a and c
Problem 3
List three portals through which pathogens enter the body.
Problem 3
Which of the following is false concerning microbial contaminants?
a. Contaminants may become opportunistic pathogens.
b. Most microbial contaminants will eventually cause harm.
c. Contaminants may be a part of the transient microbiota.
d. Contaminants may be introduced by a mosquito bite.
Problem 3
The study of the cause of a disease is __________ .
Problem 4
The most frequent portal of entry for pathogens is:
a. The respiratory tract
b. The skin
c. The conjunctiva
d. A cut or wound
Problem 4
List Koch’s four postulates, and describe situations in which not all may be applicable.
Problem 4
The study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted within populations is ___________ .
Problem 5
List in the correct sequence the five stages of infectious diseases.
Problem 5
The process by which microorganisms attach themselves to cells is :
a. Infection
b. Contamination
c. Disease
d. Adhesion
Problem 5
Diseases that are naturally spread from their usual animal hosts to humans are called ___________ .
Problem 6
Describe three modes of disease transmission.
Problem 6
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in infectious diseases?
a. Incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence
b. Incubation, decline, prodromal period, illness, convalescence
c. Prodromal period, incubation, illness, decline, convalescence
d. Convalescence, prodromal period, incubation, illness, decline
Problem 6
Nonliving reservoirs of disease, such as a toothbrush, drinking glass, and needle, are called __________ .
Problem 7
__________ infections are those acquired by patients or staff while in health care facilities.
Problem 7
Describe the parenteral route of infection.
Problem 7
Which of the following are most likely to cause disease?
a. Opportunistic pathogens in a weakened host
b. Pathogens lacking the enzyme kinase
c. Pathogens lacking the enzyme collagenase
d. Highly virulent organisms
Problem 8
The total number of cases of a disease in a given area is its __________.
Problem 8
In general, contrast transient microbiota with resident microbiota.
Problem 8
The nature of bacterial capsules ___________ .
a. Causes widespread blood clotting
b. Allows phagocytes to readily engulf these bacteria
c. Affects the virulence of these bacteria
d. Has no effect on the virulence of bacteria
Problem 9
An animal that carries a pathogen and also serves as host for the pathogen is a ___________ vector.
Problem 9
Contrast the terms infection and morbidity.
Problem 9
When pathogenic bacterial cells lose the ability to make adhesins, they typically .
a. Become avirulent
b. Produce endotoxin
c. Absorb endotoxin
d. Increase in virulence
Problem 9
Bacteria that convert nitrogen gas into ammonia are:
a. Nitrifying bacteria
b. Nitrogenous
c. Nitrogen fixers
d. Nitrification bacteria
Problem 10
A disease in which a pathogen remains inactive for a long period of time before becoming active is termed a(n) :
a. Subacute disease
b. Acute disease
c. Chronic disease
d. Latent disease
Problem 10
Endotoxin, also known as ___________, is part of the outer (wall) membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.