Table of contents

1. Introduction to Genetics51m
2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance3h 37m
3. Extensions to Mendelian Inheritance2h 41m
4. Genetic Mapping and Linkage2h 28m
5. Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses1h 21m
6. Chromosomal Variation1h 48m
7. DNA and Chromosome Structure56m
8. DNA Replication1h 10m
9. Mitosis and Meiosis1h 34m
10. Transcription1h 0m
11. Translation58m
12. Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes1h 19m
13. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes44m
14. Genetic Control of Development44m
15. Genomes and Genomics1h 50m
16. Transposable Elements47m
17. Mutation, Repair, and Recombination1h 6m
18. Molecular Genetic Tools19m
- Genetic Cloning
  9m
- Methods for Analyzing DNA
  9m
19. Cancer Genetics29m
- Overview of Cancer
  21m
- Cancer Mutations
  7m
20. Quantitative Genetics1h 26m
21. Population Genetics50m
- Hardy Weinberg
  19m
- Allelic Frequency Changes
  31m
22. Evolutionary Genetics29m

15. Genomes and Genomics

Proteomics

Genetics

15. Genomes and Genomics

Proteomics

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Multiple Choice

SDS-PAGE is a method used to separate proteins by which of the following characteristics?

Mass

Length

Charge

Acidity

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Understand that SDS-PAGE stands for Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis, a technique used in biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology to separate proteins based on their electrophoretic mobility.

Recognize that SDS is a detergent that denatures proteins, giving them a uniform negative charge proportional to their length, effectively masking their native charge.

Acknowledge that the polyacrylamide gel acts as a molecular sieve, allowing smaller proteins to move faster through the gel matrix than larger ones.

Realize that because SDS imparts a uniform charge-to-mass ratio to the proteins, the separation in SDS-PAGE is primarily based on the size (mass) of the proteins.

Conclude that the primary characteristic by which proteins are separated in SDS-PAGE is their mass, as the uniform charge allows for size-based separation during electrophoresis.

6:36m

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Open Question

In Section 21.10 we briefly discussed the Human Proteome Map (HPM). An interactive Web site for the HPM is available at http://www.humanproteomemap.org. Visit this site, and then answer the questions in parts (a) and (b) and complete part (c).Use the 'Query' tab and select the 'Gene family' dropdown menu to do a search on the distribution of proteins encoded by a pathway of interest to you. Search in fetal tissues, adult tissues, or both.

Open Question

Genomic sequencing has opened the door to numerous studies that help us understand the evolutionary forces shaping the genetic makeup of organisms. Using databases containing the sequences of 25 genomes, scientists examined the relationship between GC content and global amino acid composition [Kreil, D. P., and Ouzounis, C. A. (2001) Nucl. Acids Res. 29:1608–1615]. They found that it is possible to identify thermophilic species on the basis of their amino acid composition alone, which suggests that evolution in a hot environment selects for a certain whole organism amino acid composition. In what way might evolution in extreme environments influence genome and amino acid composition? How might evolution in extreme environments influence the interpretation of genome sequence data?

Multiple Choice

Which of the following methods would be best to identify an amino acid sequence of a protein?

Open Question

In this chapter, we focused on the analysis of genomes, transcriptomes, and proteomes and considered important applications and findings from these endeavors. At the same time, we found many opportunities to consider the methods and reasoning by which much of this information was acquired. From the explanations given in the chapter, what answers would you propose to the following fundamental questions?

How can proteomics identify differences between the number of protein-coding genes predicted for a genome and the number of proteins expressed by a genome?

Open Question

How do high-throughput techniques such as computer-automated, next-generation sequencing, and mass spectrometry facilitate research in genomics and proteomics? Explain.

Open Question

Based on the tree of life in Figure 16.12, would you expect human proteins to be more similar to fungal proteins or to plant proteins? Would you expect plant proteins to be more similar to fungal proteins or to human proteins?

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