Another cross in Drosophila involved the recessive, X-linked genes yellow (y), white (w), and cut (ct). A yellow-bodied, white-eyed female with normal wings was crossed to a male whose eyes and body were normal but whose wings were cut. The F₁ females were wild type for all three traits, while the F₁ males expressed the yellow-body and white-eye traits. The cross was carried to an F₂ progeny, and only male offspring were tallied. On the basis of the data shown here, a genetic map was constructed.Phenotype Male Offspringy + ct 9+ w + 6y w ct 90+ + + 95+ + ct 424y w + 376y + + 0+ w ct 0Diagram the genotypes of the F₁ parents.

The table given here lists the arrangement of alleles of linked genes in dihybrid organisms, the recombination frequency between the genes, and specific gamete genotypes. Using the information provided, determine the expected frequency of the listed gametes. Assume one map unit equals 1% recombination and, when three genes are involved, interference is zero.

Dihybrid           Recombination         Gamete
Genotype         Frequency                Genotype
A. DE/de           8%                           De
B. AD/ad           28%                          ad
C. DEF/def        E–F 24%                  dEf
                          D–E 8%
D. BdE/bDe       B–D 18%                 Bde
                          D–E 8%

The Rh blood group in humans is determined by a gene on chromosome 1. A dominant allele produces Rh+ blood type, and a recessive allele generates Rh-. Elliptocytosis is an autosomal dominant disorder that produces abnormally shaped red blood cells that have a short life span resulting in hereditary anemia. A large family with elliptocytosis is tested for genetic linkage of Rh blood group and the disease. The lod score data below are obtained for the family.

Over what range of θ do lod scores indicate significant evidence in favor of genetic linkage? <>