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Problem 48
CH3F is a polar molecule, even though the tetrahedral geometry often leads to nonpolar molecules. Explain.
Problem 49
Determine whether each molecule in Exercise 35 is polar or nonpolar.
a. CI4
b. NCl3
c. OF2
d. H2S
Problem 50
Determine whether each molecule in Exercise 36 is polar or nonpolar.
a. CS2
b. SCl2
c. CHF3
d. PF3
Problem 51b
Determine whether each molecule is polar or nonpolar. b. SiCl4
Problem 51c
Determine whether each molecule is polar or nonpolar. c. SeCl6
Problem 52
Determine whether each molecule is polar or nonpolar.
a. IF5
b. SCl2
c. SCl4
d. BrF5
Problem 53a
The valence electron configurations of several atoms are shown here. How many bonds can each atom make without hybridization? a. N 2s22p3
Problem 53b
The valence electron configurations of several atoms are shown here. How many bonds can each atom make without hybridization? b. B 2s2sp1
Problem 53c
The valence electron configurations of several atoms are shown here. How many bonds can each atom make without hybridization? c. O 2s2sp4
Problem 54a
The valence electron configurations of several atoms are shown here. How many bonds can each atom make without hybridization? a. F 2s22p5
Problem 54c
The valence electron configurations of several atoms are shown here. How many bonds can each atom make without hybridization? c. Be 2s2
- Write orbital diagrams (boxes with arrows in them) to represent the electron configurations—without hybridization—for all the atoms in PH₃. Circle the electrons involved in bonding. Draw a three-dimensional sketch of the molecule and show orbital overlap. What bond angle do you expect from the unhybridized orbitals? How well does valence bond theory agree with the experimentally measured bond angle of 93.3°?
Problem 55
Problem 56
Write orbital diagrams (boxes with arrows in them) to represent the electron configurations—without hybridization—for all the atoms in SF2. Circle the electrons involved in bonding. Draw a three-dimensional sketch of the molecule and show orbital overlap. What bond angle do you expect from the unhybridized orbitals? How well does valence bond theory agree with the experimentally measured bond angle of 98.2° ?
Problem 57
Write orbital diagrams (boxes with arrows in them) to represent the electron configuration of carbon before and after sp3 hybridization.
Problem 58
Write orbital diagrams (boxes with arrows in them) to represent the electron configurations of carbon before and after sp hybridization.
Problem 59
Which hybridization scheme allows the formation of at least one p bond? sp3, sp2, sp3d2
Problem 60
Which hybridization scheme allows the central atom to form more than four bonds? sp3, sp3d, sp2
Problem 63a
Write a hybridization and bonding scheme for each molecule. Sketch the molecule, including overlapping orbitals, and label all bonds using the notation shown in Examples 11.6 and 11.7. a. CCl4
Problem 63b
Write a hybridization and bonding scheme for each molecule. Sketch the molecule, including overlapping orbitals, and label all bonds using the notation shown in Examples 11.6 and 11.7. b. NH3
Problem 63c
Write a hybridization and bonding scheme for each molecule. Sketch the molecule, including overlapping orbitals, and label all bonds using the notation shown in Examples 11.6 and 11.7. c. OF2
Problem 65a
Write a hybridization and bonding scheme for each molecule or ion. Sketch the structure, including overlapping orbitals, and label all bonds using the notation shown in Examples 11.6 and 11.7. a. COCl2 (carbon is the central atom)
Problem 65d
Write a hybridization and bonding scheme for each molecule or ion. Sketch the structure, including overlapping orbitals, and label all bonds using the notation shown in Examples 11.6 and 11.7. d. I3–
Problem 66
Write a hybridization and bonding scheme for each molecule or ion. Sketch the structure, including overlapping orbitals, and label all bonds using the notation shown in Examples 10.6 and 10.7. a. SO32-
Problem 68
Write a hybridization and bonding scheme for each molecule that contains more than one interior atom. Indicate the hybridization about each interior atom. Sketch the structure, including overlapping orbitals, and label all bonds using the notation shown in Examples 10.6 and 10.7. c. C2H6 (skeletal structure H3CCH3)
Problem 71
Consider the structure of the amino acid alanine. Indicate the hybridization about each interior atom.
Problem 72
Consider the structure of the amino acid aspartic acid. Indicate the hybridization about each interior atom.
Problem 73
Sketch the bonding molecular orbital that results from the linear combination of two 1s orbitals. Indicate the region where interference occurs and state the kind of interference (constructive or destructive).
Problem 75
Draw an MO energy diagram and predict the bond order of Be2+ and Be2- . Do you expect these molecules to exist in the gas phase?
Problem 76
Draw an MO energy diagram and predict the bond order of Li2+ and Li2-. Do you expect these molecules to exist in the gas phase?
Problem 77
Sketch the bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals that result from linear combinations of the 2px atomic orbitals in a homonuclear diatomic molecule. (The 2px orbitals are those whose lobes are oriented along the bonding axis.)