Table of contents

1. Intro to General Chemistry3h 48m
2. Atoms & Elements4h 16m
3. Chemical Reactions4h 10m
4. BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 36m
5. BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions48m
6. Chemical Quantities & Aqueous Reactions3h 53m
7. Gases3h 49m
8. Thermochemistry2h 37m
9. Quantum Mechanics2h 58m
10. Periodic Properties of the Elements3h 9m
11. Bonding & Molecular Structure3h 29m
12. Molecular Shapes & Valence Bond Theory1h 57m
13. Liquids, Solids & Intermolecular Forces2h 23m
14. Solutions3h 1m
15. Chemical Kinetics2h 53m
16. Chemical Equilibrium2h 29m
17. Acid and Base Equilibrium5h 1m
18. Aqueous Equilibrium4h 47m
19. Chemical Thermodynamics1h 50m
20. Electrochemistry2h 42m
21. Nuclear Chemistry2h 36m
22. Organic Chemistry5h 7m
23. Chemistry of the Nonmetals2h 39m
24. Transition Metals and Coordination Compounds3h 16m

19. Chemical Thermodynamics

Spontaneous vs Nonspontaneous Reactions

General Chemistry

19. Chemical Thermodynamics

Spontaneous vs Nonspontaneous Reactions

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following is (are) spontaneous processes?(i)a ball rolling down a hill
(ii)a car rusting
(iii)the decomposition of water into H₂ gas and O₂ gas

(i) only

(ii) only

(iii) only

(i) and (ii) only

(i), (ii), and (iii)

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the concept of spontaneity in chemistry: A spontaneous process is one that occurs naturally under given conditions without needing external energy input. It is often associated with an increase in entropy or a decrease in free energy.

Analyze process (i): A ball rolling down a hill is spontaneous because it moves from a position of higher potential energy to lower potential energy, driven by gravity, which is a natural force.

Analyze process (ii): A car rusting is spontaneous because it involves the oxidation of iron in the presence of oxygen and moisture, which is a natural and energetically favorable process.

Analyze process (iii): The decomposition of water into H2 gas and O2 gas is not spontaneous under normal conditions because it requires energy input to break the strong O-H bonds in water molecules. This process is typically achieved through electrolysis.

Conclude based on the analysis: Processes (i) and (ii) are spontaneous, while process (iii) is not spontaneous under normal conditions. Therefore, the correct answer is (i) and (ii) only.