Table of contents

1. Intro to General Chemistry3h 48m
2. Atoms & Elements4h 16m
3. Chemical Reactions4h 10m
4. BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 36m
5. BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions48m
6. Chemical Quantities & Aqueous Reactions3h 53m
7. Gases3h 49m
8. Thermochemistry2h 37m
9. Quantum Mechanics2h 58m
10. Periodic Properties of the Elements3h 9m
11. Bonding & Molecular Structure3h 29m
12. Molecular Shapes & Valence Bond Theory1h 57m
13. Liquids, Solids & Intermolecular Forces2h 23m
14. Solutions3h 1m
15. Chemical Kinetics2h 53m
16. Chemical Equilibrium2h 29m
17. Acid and Base Equilibrium5h 1m
18. Aqueous Equilibrium4h 47m
19. Chemical Thermodynamics1h 50m
20. Electrochemistry2h 42m
21. Nuclear Chemistry2h 36m
22. Organic Chemistry5h 7m
23. Chemistry of the Nonmetals2h 39m
24. Transition Metals and Coordination Compounds3h 16m

19. Chemical Thermodynamics

Spontaneous vs Nonspontaneous Reactions

General Chemistry

19. Chemical Thermodynamics

Spontaneous vs Nonspontaneous Reactions

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements is/are true?
a) The rusting of iron by oxygen is a non-spontaneous reaction.
b) The addition of a catalyst to a reaction increases spontaneity.
c) The movement of heat from a cold object to a hot object is a non-spontaneous reaction.
d) The diffusion of perfume molecules from one side of a room to the other is a non-spontaneous reaction.
e) None of the above.

A,C

B,C

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Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Understand the concept of spontaneity in chemical reactions. A spontaneous reaction is one that occurs naturally under given conditions without external intervention. It is often associated with a negative Gibbs free energy change (ΔG < 0).

Step 2: Evaluate statement (a): The rusting of iron by oxygen is a spontaneous reaction. Rusting is a natural process that occurs when iron reacts with oxygen in the presence of moisture, leading to the formation of iron oxide. This process is thermodynamically favorable and spontaneous.

Step 3: Evaluate statement (b): The addition of a catalyst to a reaction does not affect the spontaneity of the reaction. Catalysts speed up the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy but do not change the Gibbs free energy of the reaction, thus not affecting spontaneity.

Step 4: Evaluate statement (c): The movement of heat from a cold object to a hot object is non-spontaneous. According to the second law of thermodynamics, heat naturally flows from hot to cold, making the reverse process non-spontaneous without external work.

Step 5: Evaluate statement (d): The diffusion of perfume molecules from one side of a room to the other is a spontaneous process. Diffusion occurs naturally as molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, driven by entropy increase.