Table of contents

1. Intro to General Chemistry3h 48m
2. Atoms & Elements4h 16m
3. Chemical Reactions4h 10m
4. BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 38m
5. BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions48m
6. Chemical Quantities & Aqueous Reactions3h 53m
7. Gases3h 49m
8. Thermochemistry2h 37m
9. Quantum Mechanics2h 58m
10. Periodic Properties of the Elements3h 9m
11. Bonding & Molecular Structure3h 29m
12. Molecular Shapes & Valence Bond Theory1h 57m
13. Liquids, Solids & Intermolecular Forces2h 23m
14. Solutions3h 1m
15. Chemical Kinetics2h 53m
16. Chemical Equilibrium2h 29m
17. Acid and Base Equilibrium5h 1m
18. Aqueous Equilibrium4h 47m
19. Chemical Thermodynamics1h 50m
20. Electrochemistry2h 42m
21. Nuclear Chemistry2h 36m
22. Organic Chemistry5h 7m
23. Chemistry of the Nonmetals2h 39m
24. Transition Metals and Coordination Compounds3h 16m

19. Chemical Thermodynamics

Spontaneous vs Nonspontaneous Reactions

General Chemistry

19. Chemical Thermodynamics

Spontaneous vs Nonspontaneous Reactions

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following processes is spontaneous?

Liquid freezing below its freezing point

Gas condensing above its condensation point

Solid melting above its melting point

Liquid vaporizing below its boiling point

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the concept of spontaneity: A spontaneous process is one that occurs naturally without needing external energy input. It is often associated with an increase in entropy or a decrease in free energy.

Identify the conditions for phase changes: Each phase change (freezing, condensing, melting, vaporizing) has a specific temperature at which it occurs under normal pressure. For example, freezing occurs at or below the freezing point, and melting occurs at or above the melting point.

Analyze each option: Consider whether the process described is occurring under conditions that favor spontaneity. For instance, freezing below the freezing point is spontaneous because it naturally occurs without external energy.

Evaluate the given options: Liquid freezing below its freezing point is spontaneous because it aligns with the natural tendency of the system to release energy and increase stability.

Conclude with the correct choice: Based on the analysis, the process that is spontaneous is the one where the liquid freezes below its freezing point, as it naturally occurs under these conditions.