Derive a relationship between ΔH and ΔE for a process in which the temperature of a fixed amount of an ideal gas changes.

Verified step by step guidance

Start with the first law of thermodynamics: \( \Delta E = q + w \), where \( \Delta E \) is the change in internal energy, \( q \) is the heat exchanged, and \( w \) is the work done.

For an ideal gas, the work done by the system during expansion or compression at constant pressure is given by \( w = -P_{\text{ext}} \Delta V \), where \( P_{\text{ext}} \) is the external pressure and \( \Delta V \) is the change in volume.

The enthalpy change \( \Delta H \) is defined as \( \Delta H = \Delta E + P \Delta V \).

Substitute the expression for work into the first law equation: \( \Delta E = q - P_{\text{ext}} \Delta V \).

Combine the expressions for \( \Delta E \) and \( \Delta H \) to derive the relationship: \( \Delta H = q - P_{\text{ext}} \Delta V + P \Delta V = q + (P - P_{\text{ext}}) \Delta V \).

Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Enthalpy (ΔH)

Enthalpy (ΔH) is a thermodynamic quantity that represents the total heat content of a system at constant pressure. It accounts for the internal energy of the system plus the product of its pressure and volume. In processes involving gases, changes in enthalpy can be related to heat transfer, making it crucial for understanding energy changes during reactions or phase transitions.

Internal Energy (ΔE)

Internal Energy (ΔE) is the total energy contained within a system, encompassing kinetic and potential energies of the particles. For an ideal gas, changes in internal energy are primarily due to changes in temperature. The relationship between internal energy and temperature is significant, as it helps in calculating energy changes during heating or cooling processes.

Ideal Gas Law

The Ideal Gas Law (PV = nRT) describes the behavior of ideal gases, relating pressure (P), volume (V), temperature (T), and the number of moles (n) of gas. This law is essential for deriving relationships between ΔH and ΔE, as it allows for the calculation of changes in state variables when temperature changes, providing a framework for understanding how energy is transferred in gas systems.

Recommended video:

Guided course

01:15

Ideal Gas Law Formula

Related Practice

Textbook Question

Hydrogen and methanol have both been proposed as alternatives to hydrocarbon fuels. Which fuel contains the most energy in the least mass?

Textbook Question

Hydrogen and methanol have both been proposed as alternatives to hydrocarbon fuels. How does the energy of these fuels compare to that of octane (C₈H₁₈)?

Textbook Question

Under certain nonstandard conditions, oxidation by O₂(g) of 1 mol of SO₂(g) to SO₃(g) absorbs 89.5 kJ. The enthalpy of formation of SO₃(g) is –204.2 kJ under these conditions. Find the enthalpy of formation of SO₂(g).

views

Textbook Question

A mixture of 2.0 mol of H₂(g) and 1.0 mol of O₂(g) is placed in a sealed evacuated container made of a perfect insulating material at 25 °C. The mixture is ignited with a spark and reacts to form liquid water. Determine the temperature of the water.