The enzymatic breakdown of large molecules into their basic building blocks is called

(a) Absorption

(b) Secretion

(c) Mechanical processing

(d) Chemical digestion

The outer layer of the digestive tract is known as the

(a) Serosa

(b) Mucosa

(c) Submucosa

(d) Muscularis

Double sheets of peritoneum that provide support and stability for the organs of the peritoneal cavity are the

(a) Mediastina

(b) Mucous membranes

(c) Omenta

(d) Mesenteries

A branch of the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery proper, and branch of the bile duct form\(a) A liver lobule

(b) The sinusoids

(c) A portal triad

(d) The hepatic duct

(e) The pancreatic duct

Label the digestive system structures in the following figure.

<IMAGE>

a. ___

b. ___

c. ___

d. ___

e. ___

f. ___

g. ___

h. ___

i. ___

j. ___

k.___

Label the four layers of the digestive tract in the following figure.

<IMAGE>

a. ___

b. ___

c. ___

d. ___

Most of the digestive tract is lined by_____epithelium.

(a) pseudostratified ciliated columnar

(b) cuboidal

(c) stratified squamous

(d) simple

(e) simple columnar

Regional movements that occur in the small intestine and function to churn and fragment the digestive material are called:

(a) Segmentation

(b) Pendular movements

(c) Peristalsis

(d) Mass movements

(e) Mastication

Bile release from the gallbladder into the duodenum occurs only under the stimulation of

(a) Cholecystokinin

(b) Secretin

(c) Gastrin

(d) Enteropeptidase

Label the three segments of the small intestine in the following figure.

<IMAGE>

a. ___

b. ___

c. ___

The major function(s) of the large intestine is (are)

(a) Reabsorption of water and compaction of feces

(b) Absorption of vitamins liberated by bacterial action

(c) Storage of fecal material prior to defecation

(d) All of these

Vitamins generated by bacteria in the colon are

(a) Vitamins A, D, and E

(b) B complex vitamins and vitamin C

(c) Vitamin K, biotin, and pantothenic acid

(d) Niacin, thiamine, and riboflavin

The final enzymatic steps in the digestive process are accomplished by

(a) Brush border enzymes of the intestinal microvilli

(b) Enzymes secreted by the stomach

(c) Enzymes secreted by the pancreas

(d) The action of bile from the gallbladder

What are the six main processes of the digestive system?

Name and describe the layers of the digestive tract, proceeding from the innermost layer nearest the lumen to the outermost layer.

What three basic mechanisms regulate the activities of the digestive tract?

What are the three phases of swallowing, and how are they controlled?

What are the primary digestive functions of the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder?

Which hormones produced by duodenal enteroendocrine cells effectively coordinate digestive functions?

What are the three primary functions of the large intestine?

What two positive feedback loops are involved in the defecation reflex?

During defecation,

(a) Stretch receptors in the rectal wall initiate a series of peristaltic contractions in the colon and rectum.

(b) Stretch receptors in the rectal wall activate parasympathetic centers in the sacral region of the spinal cord.

(c) The internal anal sphincter relaxes while the external anal sphincter contracts.

(d) All of these occur.

(e) Only a and b occur.

Increased parasympathetic stimulation of the intestine would result in

(a) Decreased motility

(b) Decreased secretion

(c) Decreased sensitivity of local reflexes

(d) Decreased segmentation

(e) None of these

A drop in pH below 4.5 in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of

(a) Secretin

(b) Cholecystokinin

(c) Gastrin

(d) All of these

Through which layers of a molar would an oral surgeon drill to perform a root canal (removal of the alveolar nerve in a severely damaged tooth)?

How is the stomach protected from digestion?

How does each of the three phases of gastric secretion promote and facilitate gastric control?

Nutritionists have found that after a heavy meal, the pH of blood increases slightly, especially in the veins that carry blood away from the stomach. What causes this increase in blood pH?

Some people with gallstones develop pancreatitis. How could this occur?

Harry is suffering from an obstruction in his colon. He notices that when he urinates, the color of his urine is much darker than normal, and he wonders if there is any relationship between the color of his urine and his intestinal obstruction. What would you tell him?