TThe great cardiac vein drains blood from the heart muscle to the:

(a) Left ventricle

(b) Right ventricle

(c) Right atrium

(d) Left atrium

Identify the major arteries in the following diagram.

<IMAGE>

a. ___

b. ___

c. ___

d. ___

e. ___

f. ___

g. ___

h. ___

i. ___

The blood vessels that play the most important role in regulating blood pressure and blood flow to a tissue are the:

(a) Arteries

(b) Arterioles

(c) Veins

(d) Venules

(e) Capillaries

Cardiovascular function is regulated by all of the following except:

(a) Local factors

(b) Neural factors

(c) Endocrine factors

(d) Venous return

(e) Conscious control

Baroreceptors that function in the regulation of blood pressure are located in the:

(a) Left ventricle

(b) Brainstem

(c) Carotid sinus

(d) Common iliac artery

(e) Pulmonary trunk

Large molecules such as peptides and proteins move into and out of the bloodstream by way of:

(a) Continuous capillaries

(b) Fenestrated capillaries

(c) Thoroughfare channels

(d) Venules

The local control of blood flow due to the action of precapillary sphincters is:

(a) Vasomotion

(b) Autoregulation

(c) Selective resistance

(d) Turbulence

Identify the superficial structures in the following diagram of the heart.

a. ___

b. ___

c. ___

d. ___

e. ___

f. ___

g. ___

h. ___

Blood is transported through the venous system by means of:

(a) Skeletal muscle contractions

(b) Decreasing blood pressure

(c) The respiratory pump

(d) A and C

Identify the major veins in the following diagram.

<IMAGE>

a. ___

b. ___

c. ___

d. ___

e. ___

f. ___

g. ___

h. ___

i. ___

The most important factor in vascular resistance is:

(a) The viscosity of the blood

(b) The diameter of the lumen of blood vessels

(c) Turbulence due to irregular surfaces of blood vessels

(d) The length of the blood vessels

Net hydrostatic pressure forces water ____ a capillary; net osmotic pressure reabsorbs water _____ a capillary.

(a) into, out of

(b) out of, into

(c) out of, out of

(d) into, into

The two arteries formed by the division of the brachiocephalic trunk are the:

(a) Aorta and internal carotid

(b) Axillary and brachial

(c) External and internal carotid

(d) Common carotid and subclavian

The unpaired arteries supplying blood to the visceral organs include:

(a) The adrenal, renal, and lumbar arteries

(b) The iliac, gonadal, and femoral arteries

(c) The celiac and superior and inferior mesenteric arteries

(d) All of these

The paired arteries supplying blood to the body wall and other structures outside the abdominopelvic cavity include the:

a) Left gastric, hepatic, splenic, and phrenic arteries

(b) Adrenal, colic, lumbar, and gonadal arteries

(c) Iliac, femoral, and lumbar arteries

(d) Celiac, left gastric, and superior and inferior mesenteric arteries

The vein that drains the dural sinuses of the brain is the 

(a) Cephalic vein

(b) Great saphenous vein

(c) Internal jugular vein

(d) Superior vena cava

The vein that collects most of the venous blood inferior to the diaphragm is the 

(a) Superior vena cava

(b) Great saphenous vein

(c) Inferior vena cava

(d) Azygos vein

What are the primary forces that cause fluid to move?

(a) Out of a capillary at its arterial end and into the interstitial fluid

(b) Into a capillary at its venous end from the interstitial fluid?

What cardiovascular changes occur at birth?

A major difference between the arterial and venous systems is that 

(a) Arteries are usually more superficial than veins.

(b) In the limbs there is dual venous drainage.

(c) Veins are usually less branched compared to arteries.

(d) Veins exhibit a much more orderly pattern of branching in the limbs.

(e) Veins are not found in the abdominal cavity.

Which of the following conditions would have the greatest effect on peripheral resistance?

(a) Doubling the length of a vessel

(b) Doubling the diameter of a vessel

(c) Doubling the viscosity of the blood

(d) Doubling the turbulence of the blood

(e) Doubling the number of white cells in the blood

Which of the following is greater?

(a) The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid during inflammation

(b) The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid during normal conditions

(c) Neither is greater

Relate the anatomical differences between arteries and veins to their functions.

Why do capillaries permit the diffusion of materials, whereas arteries and veins do not?

How is blood pressure maintained in veins to counter the force of gravity?

What is the role of blood in the stabilization and maintenance of body temperature?

How do pressure and resistance affect cardiac output and peripheral blood flow?

Why is blood flow to the brain relatively continuous and constant?

Compare the effects of the cardioacceleratory and cardioinhibitory centers on cardiac output and blood pressure.

Vern is suffering from cardiac arrhythmias and is brought into the emergency room of a hospital. In the emergency room he begins to exhibit tachycardia and as a result loses consciousness. Explain why Vern lost consciousness.