Phagocytic cells in nervous tissue of the CNS are:

(a) Astrocytes

(b) Ependymal cells

(c) Oligodendrocytes

(d) Microglia.

The neural cells responsible for the analysis of sensory inputs and coordination of motor outputs are:

(a) Neuroglia

(b) Interneurons

(c) Sensory neurons

(d) Motor neurons

The pons contains:

(a) Sensory and motor nuclei for six cranial nerves

(b) Nuclei concerned with the control of blood pressure

(c) Tracts that link the cerebellum with the brainstem

(d) No ascending or descending tracts

(e) Both a and b.

Identify and shade in the locations of all the ascending sensory tracts in the following diagram of the spinal cord.

The centers in the pons that modify the activity of the respiratory rhythmicity centers in the medulla oblongata are the:

(a) Apneustic and pneumotaxic centers

(b) Inferior and superior peduncles

(c) Cardiac and vasomotor centers

(d) Gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus

Which three pairs of descending tracts make up the corticospinal pathway?

What cellular mechanisms identified in animal studies are thought to be involved in memory formation and storage?

Which three motor tracts make up the medial pathway?

The synapsing of several neurons on the same postsynaptic neuron is called

(a) Serial processing

(b) Reverberation

(c) Divergence

(d) Convergence

What physiological activities distinguish non-REM sleep from REM sleep?

What anatomical and functional changes in the brain are linked to alterations that occur with aging?

What are the two primary functional roles of the cerebellum?

The establishment of emotional states is a function of the:

(a) Limbic system

(b) Tectum

(c) Mammillary bodies

(d) Thalamus

Coordination of learned movement patterns at the subconscious level is performed by

(a) The cerebellum

(b) The substantia nigra

(c) Association fibers

(d) The hypothalamus

The corticospinal tract

(a) Carries motor commands from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord

(b) Carries sensory information from the spinal cord to the brain

(c) Starts in the spinal cord and ends in the brain

(d) Does all of these

Why can't most neurons in the CNS be replaced when they are lost to injury or disease?

The two cerebral hemispheres are functionally different, even though anatomically they appear the same.

(a) True

(b) False

Proceeding deep from the most superficial structure, number the following in the correct sequence:

(a) _____ walls of vertebral canal

(b) _____ dura mater

(c) _____ subdural space

(d) _____ epidural space

(e) _____ pia mater

(f) _____ arachnoid membrane

(g) _____ subarachnoid space

(h) _____ spinal cord

Describe the relationship among first-order, second-order, and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway.

Briefly summarize the overall function of the cerebellum.

What effect does injury to the primary motor cortex have on peripheral muscles?

The only cranial nerves that are attached to the cerebrum are the____ nerves.

(a) optic

(b) oculomotor

(c) trochlear

(d) olfactory

(e) abducens

If symptoms characteristic of Parkinson's disease appear, which part of the midbrain is inhibited from secreting a neurotransmitter? Which neurotransmitter is it?

What varied roles does the hypothalamus play in the body?

Damage to the hippocampus, a component of the limbic system, leads to

(a) A loss of emotion due to forgetfulness

(b) A loss of consciousness

(c) A loss of long-term memory

(d) An immediate loss of short-term memory

Stimulation of which part of the brain would produce sensations of hunger and thirst?

Which structure in the brain is your A&P instructor referring to when talking about a nucleus that resembles a sea horse and that is important in the storage and retrieval of long-term memories? In which functional system of the brain is it located?

What are the principal functional differences between the right and left cerebral hemispheres?

Damage to the vestibular nucleus would lead to

(a) Loss of sight

(b) Loss of hearing

(c) Inability to sense pain

(d) Difficulty in maintaining balance

(e) Inability to swallow

A cerebrovascular accident occurs when

(a) The reticular activating system fails to function

(b) The prefrontal lobe is damaged

(c) The blood supply to a portion of the brain is cut off

(d) A descending tract in the spinal cord is severed

(e) Brainstem nuclei hypersecrete dopamine