The large onion-shaped receptors that are found deep in the dermis and in subcutaneous tissue and that respond to deep pressure are

a. Epithelial tactile complexes

b. Lamellar corpuscles

c. Free nerve endings

d. Muscle spindles

Proprioceptors include all of the following except

a. Muscle spindles

b. Tendon organs

c. Epithelial tactile complexes

d. Joint kinesthetic receptors

The aspect of sensory perception by which the cerebral cortex identifies the site or pattern of stimulation is

(a) perceptual detection

(b) feature abstraction

(c) pattern recognition

(d) spatial discrimination

The neural machinery of the spinal cord is at the

(a) precommand level

(b) projection level

(c) segmental level

Dorsal root ganglia contain

(a) cell bodies of somatic motor neurons

(b) axon terminals of somatic motor neurons

(c) cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons

(d) axon terminals of sensory neurons

(e) cell bodies of sensory neurons.

Match the receptor type in column B to the correct description in column A.

Column A

______    (1) Pain, itch, and temperature receptors

______    (2) Contains intrafusal fibers and anulospiral and flower spray endings

______    (3) Discriminative touch receptor in hairless skin (fingertips)

______    (4) Contains receptor endings wrapped around thick collagen bundles

______    (5) Rapidly adapting deep-pressure receptor

______    (6) Slowly adapting deep-pressure receptor

Column B

a. Bulbous corpuscles

b. Tendon organ

c. Muscle spindle

d. Free nerve endings

e. Lamellar corpuscle

f. Tactile corpuscle

Match the names of the cranial nerves in column B to the appropriate description in column A.

Column A 

_______    (1) Causes pupillary constriction 

_______    (2) The major sensory nerve of the face

_______    (3) Serves the sternocleido-mastoid and trapezius muscles 

_______    (4) Purely sensory (two nerves) 

_______    (5) Serves the tongue muscles 

_______    (6) Allows you to chew your food 

_______    (7) Impaired in Bell's palsy

_______    (8) Helps regulate heart activity

_______    (9) Helps you hear and maintain your balance 

_______   (10) Contain parasympathetic motor fibers (four nerves)

Column B

a. Abducens

b. Accessory

c. Facial

d. Glossopharyngeal

e. Hypoglossal

f. Oculomotor

g. Olfactory

h. Optic

i. Trigeminal

j. Trochlear

k. Vagus

l. Vestibulocochlear

For each of the following muscles or body regions, identify the plexus and the peripheral nerve(s) (or branch of one) involved. Use choices from keys A and B.

 ___; ___ (1) the diaphragm

___; ___ (2) muscles of the posterior leg

 ___; ___ (3) anterior thigh muscles

 ___; ___ (4) medial thigh muscles

 ___; ___ (5) anterior arm muscles that flex the forearm

 ___; ___ (6) muscles that flex the hand and digits (two nerves)

 ___; ___ (7) muscles that extend the hand and digits

 ___; ___ (8) skin and extensor muscles of the posterior arm

 ___; ___ (9) fibularis muscles, tibialis anterior, and toe extensors

___; ___, ___, ___, (10) elbow joint

Key A: Plexuses

(a) brachial

(b) cervical

(c) lumbar

(d) sacral

Key B: Nerves

(1) common fibular

(2) femoral

(3) median

(4) musculocutaneous

(5) obturator

(6) phrenic

(7) radial

(8) tibial

(9) ulnar

The connective tissue sheath that surrounds a fascicle of nerve fibers is the

a. Epineurium

b. Endoneurium

c. Perineurium

d. Epimysium

A reflex that causes reciprocal activation of the antagonist muscle is the

(a) crossed-extensor

(b) flexor

(c) tendon

(d) muscle stretch.

List the structural components of the peripheral nervous system, and describe the function of each component.

(a) Define plexus.

(b) Indicate the ventral rami of origin of the four major nerve plexuses.

Differentiate between ipsilateral and contralateral reflexes.

What is the functional relationship of the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system?

Differentiate clearly between sensation and perception.

Central pattern generators (CPGs) are found at the segmental level of motor control.

a. What is the job of the CPGs?

b. What controls them, and where is this control localized?

Make a diagram of the hierarchy of motor control. Position the CPGs, motor cortex, brain stem nuclei, cerebellum, and basal nuclei in this scheme.

Explain why damage to peripheral nerve fibers is often reversible, whereas damage to CNS fibers rarely is.

(a) Describe the formation and composition of a spinal nerve.

(b) Name the branches of a spinal nerve (other than the rami communicantes), and indicate their distribution.

Compare and contrast flexor and crossed-extensor reflexes.

Marcus, a football quarterback, suffered torn menisci in his right knee joint when tackled from the side. The same injury crushed his common fibular nerve against the head of the fibula. What locomotor problems did Marcus have after this?

As Luke fell off a ladder, he grabbed a tree branch with his right hand, but unfortunately lost his grip and fell heavily to the ground. Days later, Luke complained that his right upper limb was numb. What was damaged in his fall?

Mr. Frank, a former stroke victim who had made a remarkable recovery, suddenly began to have problems reading. He complained of seeing double and also had problems navigating steps. He was unable to move his left eye downward and laterally. Which cranial nerve was the site of lesion? (Right or left?)

Fumiko, a 19-year-old nursing student, had had a runny nose and sore throat for several days. Upon waking, her face felt “twisted.” When she examined her face in the mirror, she noticed that the right side looked “droopy” and she was unable to move the facial muscles on that side. This made it difficult to speak clearly or eat. Which cranial nerve was affected and on which side? What is a common cause of this condition?

Mr. Jake was admitted to the hospital with excruciating pain in his left shoulder and arm. He was found to have suffered a heart attack. Explain the phenomenon of referred pain as exhibited by Mr. Jake.

What is the homeostatic value of flexor reflexes?

What clinical information can be gained by conducting somatic reflex tests?

What is the structural and functional relationship between spinal nerves, skeletal muscles, and dermatomes?

In 1962 a boy playing in a train yard fell under a train. The train wheel cleanly cut off his right arm. Surgeons reattached the arm, sewing nerves and vessels back together. The boy was told he should eventually regain the use of his arm but that it would never be strong enough to pitch a baseball. Explain why full recovery of strength was unlikely.

One of a group of rabbit hunters was accidentally sprayed with buckshot in both of his gluteal prominences. When his companions saw that he would survive, they laughed and joked about where he had been shot. They were horrified and ashamed a week later when they learned their friend would be permanently paralyzed and without sensation in both legs from the knee down, as well as on the back of his thighs. What had happened?