Drugs with anticholinergic side effects block ACh receptors in the peripheral nervous system, including those on digestive organs. Predict the effects such drugs would have on motility and secretion on the specific organs of the digestive system.

Mr. Williams presents to your clinic with a complaint of abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant. He says that the pain worsens when he eats, particularly when he eats fatty meals. He has noticed that his stool has been an unusual clay color recently. You perform an ultrasound of his abdomen and find that gallstones are blocking his common bile duct, preventing bile from entering the duodenum.

Why are his symptoms worse when he consumes a high-fat meal? Would you expect his symptoms to worsen or lessen when he consumes a meal consisting only of carbohydrates? Explain.

Mr. Williams presents to your clinic with a complaint of abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant. He says that the pain worsens when he eats, particularly when he eats fatty meals. He has noticed that his stool has been an unusual clay color recently. You perform an ultrasound of his abdomen and find that gallstones are blocking his common bile duct, preventing bile from entering the duodenum.

You test Mr. Williams's stool and find high amounts of undigested fats. Explain this finding.

Mr. Williams presents to your clinic with a complaint of abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant. He says that the pain worsens when he eats, particularly when he eats fatty meals. He has noticed that his stool has been an unusual clay color recently. You perform an ultrasound of his abdomen and find that gallstones are blocking his common bile duct, preventing bile from entering the duodenum.

Explain why his feces have become a clay color instead of a normal brown color.

Individuals experiencing prolonged vomiting lose a great deal of hydrochloric acid with the vomitus. Predict the effect this loss of acid will have on the pH of the blood. How will the respiratory system respond to the change in pH?

A surgical procedure known as gastric bypass involves creating a small upper stomach pouch and attaching part of the small intestine to this pouch, “bypassing” the rest of the stomach and part of the duodenum.

Ms. Anthony has undergone gastric bypass. She goes out to dinner and eats an extremely large meal. Explain what will happen in her small and large intestines following this meal.

A surgical procedure known as gastric bypass involves creating a small upper stomach pouch and attaching part of the small intestine to this pouch, “bypassing” the rest of the stomach and part of the duodenum.

How would bypassing a significant portion of the stomach affect absorption of vitamin B12? Explain.

Trace the pathway that food takes through the entire alimentary canal, from the oral cavity to the anal canal.

Which of the following is/are absorbed in the small intestine by the Na+/glucose cotransporter?

a. Glucose

b. Galactose

c. Fructose

d. Both a and b are correct

e. All of the above are correct

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

The mucosa from the stomach to the anus consists of an inner layer of stratified columnar epithelium.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

The muscularis externa of most of the alimentary canal consists of inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

The mucosa of the esophagus, pharynx, and oral cavity contains simple squamous epithelium to protect it from abrasion.

The primary hormone that triggers the secretion of pancreatic juice and bile is:

a. Gastric inhibitory peptide

b. Cholecystokinin

c. Motilin

d. Somatostatin

How does absorption of lipids differ from absorption of carbohydrates and proteins in the small intestine?

a. Lipids are absorbed into a capillary; carbohydrates and proteins are absorbed into a lacteal.

b. Lipids are not absorbed in the small intestine.

c. Lipids are absorbed into a lacteal; carbohydrates and proteins are absorbed into a capillary.

d. They are all absorbed into the same structure.

Match the following terms with the correct definition. 

__Chief cells          

__Parietal cells           

__Gastrin           

__Pyloric sphincter         

__Diffuse neuroendocrine (DNES) cells         

__Gastroesophageal sphincter         

__Pepsin         

__Chyme

a. Hormone that stimulates multiple digestive processes

b. Enzyme that begins protein digestion

c. Produce acid and intrinsic factor

d. Liquid produced as a result of stomach churning

e. Produce pepsinogen

f. Cells in gastric glands that produce hormones

g. Controls passage of bolus from esophagus to stomach

h. Controls passage of stomach contents to duodenum

What are the three folds of the small intestine called? What is their purpose?

Which of the following statements about accessory organ secretions is not true?

a. Hepatocytes produce bile, which drains out of the liver via the common hepatic ducts.

b. Saliva contains secretory IgA and lysozyme, which play an important role in preventing the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the oral cavity.

c. Pancreatic juice contains digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions to neutralize the acidic chyme.

d. The gallbladder produces bile, which drains out of the gallbladder via the cystic duct.

Which of the following best describes the microscopic structure of the liver?

a. Hexagonal plates of hepatocytes surrounding a central vein with portal triads at each corner

b. Octagonal plates of hepatocytes surrounding a central artery with portal triads at each corner

c. Irregular groups of hepatocytes surrounding a central vein with bile ducts at each corner

d. Hexagonal plates of hepatocytes surrounding a portal vein with bile ducts at each corner

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

b. The esophageal and pharyngeal phases of swallowing are mediated by the swallowing reflex of the brainstem and the enteric nervous system.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

c. Smooth muscle of the stomach contracts when food enters from the esophagus.

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

e. During feeding, the small intestine exhibits motion in the migrating motor complex pattern.

Which of the following best describes the role of bile salts in lipid digestion?

a. Bile salts begin chemical digestion of lipids.

b. Bile salts bind to lipids and physically break them apart into monoglycerides and free fatty acids.

c. Bile salts bind to lipids and physically break them apart into smaller pieces.

d. Bile salts interact with pancreatic lipase and catalyze lipid breakdown.

The common hepatic duct and main pancreatic duct enter into the:

a. Pyloric sphincter

b. Duodenum

c. Ileum

d. Cecum

Lipids associate with bile salts in the small intestine to form_____ . In the enterocyte, lipids are packaged with other lipids into______.

Which of the following occurs/occur during the cephalic phase of gastric acid secretion?

a. Stimulation of gastrin and histamine release

b. Direct stimulation of parietal cells

c. Inhibition of somatostatin release

d. Both a and b are correct

e. All of the above are correct

The peritoneal cavity is located:

a. Around each of the digestive organs

b. Between layers of mesentery

c. Superior to the greater omentum

d. Between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.

The exocrine cells of the pancreas and salivary glands are islet cells.