Glomerular hydrostatic pressure _____ filtration; colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure_____ filtration.

a. Favors; favor

b. Opposes; oppose

c. Favors; oppose

d. Opposes; favor

Dilute urine is produced when decreased levels of______ are secreted.

a. Aldosterone

b. Atrial natriuretic peptide

c. ADH

d. None of the above

Which of the following conditions does not contribute to the creation and/or maintenance of the medullary osmotic gradient?

a. The countercurrent exchanger of the vasa recta

b. The countercurrent multiplier of the nephron loops of cortical nephrons

c. The countercurrent multiplier of the nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons

d. The permeability of the medullary collecting system to urea and other ions

The kidneys produce _____ urine when the osmolarity of the body's fluids increases. They produce _____ urine when the osmolarity of the body's fluids decreases.

Normal urine should have which of the following properties? Circle all that apply.

a. Translucency

b. Yellowish pigment

c. Cloudy appearance

d. pH less than 4.5

The GFR may be estimated by measuring the rate at which certain substances are removed from the blood, which is known as:

a. Renal clearance

b. Plasma creatinine

c. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

d. Inulin estimation

Fill in the blanks for each of the following statements:

a. The process by which urine is eliminated is called _____, and it is mediated by reflexes involving the _____ nervous system.

b. The mucosa of the organs of the urinary tract is lined with _____ epithelium.

c. The three layers of smooth muscle in the urinary bladder are known as the _____ muscle.

d. The female urethra provides a passageway for _____, whereas the male urethra provides a passageway for _____ and _____.