Lightning occurs when there is a flow of electric charge (principally electrons) between the ground and a thundercloud. The maximum rate of charge flow in a lightning bolt is about $20,000$ C/s; this lasts for $100$ ms or less. How much charge flows between the ground and the cloud in this time? How many electrons flow during this time?

If a proton and an electron are released when they are $2.0\times {10}^{-10}$ m apart (a typical atomic distance), find the initial acceleration of each particle.

Two small spheres spaced $20.0$ cm apart have equal charge. How many excess electrons must be present on each sphere if the magnitude of the force of repulsion between them is $3.33\times {10}^{-21}$ N?

Two small aluminum spheres, each having mass $0.0250$ kg, are separated by $80.0$ cm. How many electrons does each sphere contain? (The atomic mass of aluminum is $26.982$ g/mol, and its atomic number is $13$.)

Two small aluminum spheres, each having mass $0.0250$ kg, are separated by $80.0$ cm. How many electrons would have to be removed from one sphere and added to the other to cause an attractive force between the spheres of magnitude $1.00\times {10}^4$ N (roughly $1$ ton)? Assume that the spheres may be treated as point charges.

Two small aluminum spheres, each having mass $0.0250$ kg, are separated by $80.0$ cm. What fraction of all the electrons in each sphere does this represent?