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Nucleophilic Substitution quiz Flashcards

Nucleophilic Substitution quiz
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  • How can pyrimidine dimers lead to cancer?
    Pyrimidine dimers can lead to cancer by causing mutations in DNA, which disrupt normal cellular processes and can result in uncontrolled cell growth.
  • Which of the following mutations results from one nucleotide being substituted for another?
    A point mutation results from one nucleotide being substituted for another.
  • What is a nucleophile in the context of substitution reactions?
    A nucleophile is an electron donor that attacks an electrophile in substitution reactions.
  • What role does a leaving group play in substitution reactions?
    A leaving group is the atom or group that departs after a nucleophile forms a new bond with the electrophile.
  • How do electrons move in acid-base reactions?
    Electrons move from regions of high density (nucleophiles) to regions of low density (electrophiles) in acid-base reactions.
  • What is the difference between Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis acid-base reactions?
    Bronsted-Lowry reactions involve proton exchange, while Lewis acid-base reactions involve electron donation to an empty orbital without hydrogen exchange.
  • Why is boron considered a good electrophile?
    Boron is a good electrophile because it has an incomplete octet and an empty p orbital that can accept electrons.
  • What happens when a nucleophile attacks an electrophile without an empty orbital?
    A bond must be broken to accommodate the new bond formed by the nucleophile's attack, resulting in a leaving group.
  • What is the significance of dipoles in determining the electrophile in a reaction?
    Dipoles help identify the most positive atom in a molecule, which is typically the electrophile in a reaction.
  • What is the precursor to a very important reaction in the addition chapter?
    The precursor is the formation of a new covalent bond between a nucleophile and an electrophile without hydrogen exchange, as seen in Lewis acid-base reactions.