Identify the metabolic nucleotide described by the following:

a. contains a form of the vitamin niacin

Identify the metabolic nucleotide described by the following:

a. exchanges energy when a phosphate bond is hydrolyzed

Using abbreviations (not structures), write the reaction of flavin adenine dinucleotide that gives off energy (–∆G) .

Name a carbohydrate (if any) that undergoes digestion in each of the following sites:

a. mouth

Name a carbohydrate (if any) that undergoes digestion in each of the following sites:

c. small intestine

Describe how cholesterol is packaged after absorption in the intestine.

Name the end products for digestion of proteins.

Name the starting reactant of glycolysis.

Indicate whether the statements below apply to the glucose-regulating hormone insulin or to glucagon:

(a) signals cells to take up glucose

Indicate whether the statements below apply to the glucose-regulating hormone insulin or to glucagon:

(c) not produced in people with type 1 diabetes

In terms of high-energy molecules, what is the net output for one molecule of glucose undergoing glycolysis?

Name the coenzyme produced during the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA.

The formation of lactate permits glycolysis to continue under anaerobic conditions. Explain.

Explain how the catabolism of fructose differs from that of glucose.

Name the reactions in the citric acid cycle that involve oxidative decarboxylation.

Name the reaction of the citric acid cycle that reduces FAD.

Name the electron carrier that transports electrons from complex I to complex III.

Name the complex where FADH₂ enters electron transport.

According to the chemiosmotic theory, how does the proton gradient provide energy to synthesize ATP?

Where in the mitochondria is ATP synthesized?

List the energy yield in ATP molecules for each of the following:

a. NADH → NAD⁺

List the energy yield in ATP molecules for each of the following:

c. 2 Pyruvate → 2 acetyl CoA + 2 CO₂

List the energy yield in ATP molecules for each of the following:

a. FADH₂ → FAD

List the energy yield in ATP molecules for each of the following:

c. Glucose → 2 lactate

Capric acid is a saturated fatty acid, [10:0].

a. Draw fatty acyl capric acid activated for β oxidation.

Explain why diabetics produce high levels of ketone bodies.

Name the metabolic substrate(s) that can be produced from the carbon atoms of each of the following amino acids:

a. alanine

Name the metabolic substrate(s) that can be produced from the carbon atoms of each of the following amino acids:

c. valine

Name the metabolic substrate(s) that can be produced from the carbon atoms of each of the following amino acids:

c. cysteine

Name the location in the cell where the following catabolic processes take place:

a. glycolysis