Textbook Question
(a) Describe what is meant by an electron-deficient molecule.
Ch.22 - The Main Group Elements
Chapter 22, Problem 88
Identify the group 4A element that best fits each of the following descriptions: (a) Prefers the +2 oxidation state; (d) Forms the most acidic oxide.
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand the periodic table group: Group 4A elements include carbon (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), and lead (Pb). These elements can exhibit different oxidation states, typically +2 and +4.
Consider the oxidation states: Elements in Group 4A can have oxidation states of +2 and +4. As you move down the group, the +2 oxidation state becomes more stable due to the inert pair effect, which is the reluctance of the s-electrons to participate in bonding.
Identify the element that prefers the +2 oxidation state: Lead (Pb) is the element in Group 4A that most commonly exhibits the +2 oxidation state due to the inert pair effect, making it more stable in this state compared to the +4 state.
Consider the acidity of oxides: The acidity of an oxide generally increases with the electronegativity of the element and decreases with increasing metallic character. In Group 4A, oxides range from acidic to amphoteric to basic as you move down the group.
Identify the element that forms the most acidic oxide: Carbon (C) forms carbon dioxide (CO₂), which is a well-known acidic oxide. It reacts with water to form carbonic acid (H₂CO₃), making it the most acidic oxide among the Group 4A elements.
Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Group 4A Elements
Group 4A of the periodic table includes elements such as carbon (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), and lead (Pb). These elements exhibit a range of oxidation states, with the +4 and +2 states being common. Understanding the properties and trends of these elements is crucial for identifying their behavior in chemical reactions.
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Main Group Elements: Density Example
Oxidation States
Oxidation states indicate the degree of oxidation of an atom in a compound, reflecting the number of electrons lost or gained. In Group 4A, elements can exhibit multiple oxidation states, with +2 and +4 being significant. The preference for a particular oxidation state can influence the element's reactivity and the types of compounds it forms.
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Acidic Oxides
Acidic oxides are oxides that react with water to form acids or with bases to form salts. In Group 4A, the acidic character of oxides increases with the higher oxidation states of the elements. For example, lead(IV) oxide (PbO2) is more acidic than lead(II) oxide (PbO), making it essential to recognize which oxides exhibit these properties when determining the most acidic oxide.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
(b) Describe what is meant by a three-center, two-electron bond.
Textbook Question
Suggest a structure for the mixed aluminum–boron hydride AlBH6.
Textbook Question
Identify the group 4A element that best fits each of the following descriptions.
(b) Forms the strongest π bonds
Textbook Question
Identify the group 4A element that best fits each of the following descriptions.
(c) Is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust
Textbook Question
Select the group 4A element that best fits each of the following descriptions.
(c) Is the second most abundant element in the human body