What is a ceramic, and what properties distinguish a ceramic from a metal?

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Ceramics are non-metallic, inorganic solids. They are typically produced by heating and subsequent cooling. Some examples of ceramics include pottery, bricks, and porcelain.

Ceramics have several properties that distinguish them from metals. Here are some of the key differences:

Ceramics are typically hard and brittle. They have a high melting point and are resistant to wear, corrosion, and heat. This is in contrast to metals, which are typically malleable and ductile, and have lower melting points.

Ceramics are poor conductors of heat and electricity, while metals are good conductors. This is because metals have free electrons that can move easily, facilitating the transfer of heat or electrical charge.

Ceramics are often used in applications where their resistance to heat and wear is beneficial, such as in the manufacture of kitchenware, tiles, and aerospace components. Metals, on the other hand, are often used in applications where their malleability, ductility, and conductivity are beneficial, such as in the manufacture of wires, pipes, and structural components.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Definition of Ceramics

Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic materials that are typically crystalline in structure. They are formed through the process of heating and subsequent cooling, which gives them unique properties such as hardness, brittleness, and resistance to heat and chemicals. Common examples include porcelain, glass, and brick.

Properties of Metals

Metals are characterized by their ability to conduct electricity and heat, malleability, ductility, and typically high tensile strength. They have a crystalline structure but differ from ceramics in that they possess metallic bonding, which allows for the free movement of electrons, contributing to their conductive properties and toughness.

Distinguishing Properties

The primary properties that distinguish ceramics from metals include brittleness versus ductility, thermal and electrical conductivity, and resistance to corrosion. Ceramics are generally more brittle and less conductive than metals, making them suitable for applications requiring high temperature resistance and chemical stability, while metals are favored for structural applications due to their strength and flexibility.

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Physical Properties

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Describe the reactions that occur when an Si1OH24 sol becomes a gel. What is the formula of the ceramic obtained when the gel is dried and sintered?