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Ch.4 - Reactions in Aqueous Solution
All textbooksBrown 15th EditionCh.4 - Reactions in Aqueous SolutionProblem 96a
Chapter 4, Problem 96a

The commercial production of nitric acid involves the following chemical reactions:
4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) → 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g)
2 NO(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO2(g)
3 NO2(g) + H2O(l) → 2 HNO3(aq) + NO(g)
(a) Which of these reactions are redox reactions?

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1
Identify the oxidation states of each element in the reactants and products for each reaction.
For the first reaction: 4 NH_3(g) + 5 O_2(g) → 4 NO(g) + 6 H_2O(g), determine the change in oxidation states for nitrogen and oxygen.
For the second reaction: 2 NO(g) + O_2(g) → 2 NO_2(g), determine the change in oxidation states for nitrogen and oxygen.
For the third reaction: 3 NO_2(g) + H_2O(l) → 2 HNO_3(aq) + NO(g), determine the change in oxidation states for nitrogen.
Identify which reactions involve a change in oxidation states, indicating they are redox reactions.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Redox Reactions

Redox reactions, or reduction-oxidation reactions, involve the transfer of electrons between substances. In these reactions, one species is oxidized (loses electrons) while another is reduced (gains electrons). Identifying redox reactions requires analyzing changes in oxidation states of the elements involved.
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Oxidation States

Oxidation states (or oxidation numbers) are assigned to atoms in a compound to indicate their degree of oxidation or reduction. The oxidation state helps in determining which atoms are oxidized and which are reduced in a reaction. For example, in the reaction of ammonia with oxygen, nitrogen in NH3 has an oxidation state of -3, which changes to +2 in NO.
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Balancing Chemical Reactions

Balancing chemical reactions is essential to ensure that the number of atoms of each element is conserved throughout the reaction. This involves adjusting coefficients in front of the reactants and products. In redox reactions, balancing also includes ensuring that the total charge is the same on both sides of the equation, which is crucial for identifying the electron transfer.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question

Antacids are often used to relieve pain and promote healing in the treatment of mild ulcers. Write balanced net ionic equations for the reactions between the aqueous HCl in the stomach and each of the following substances used in various antacids: (a) Al(OH)3(s) (b) Mg(OH)2(s) (c) MgCO3(s) (d) NaAl(CO3)(OH)2(s) (e) CaCO3(s).

Textbook Question

The commercial production of nitric acid involves the following chemical reactions:

4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) → 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g)

2 NO(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO2(g)

3 NO2(g) + H2O(l) → 2 HNO3(aq) + NO(g)

(b) Identify the element undergoing oxidation and the element undergoing reduction.

Textbook Question

The commercial production of nitric acid involves the following chemical reactions:

4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) → 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g)

2 NO(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO2(g)

3 NO2(g) + H2O(l) → 2 HNO3(aq) + NO(g)

(c) How many grams of ammonia must you start with to make 1000.0 L of a 0.150 M aqueous solution of nitric acid? Assume all the reactions give 100% yield.

Textbook Question

Neurotransmitters are molecules that are released by nerve cells to other cells in our bodies, and are needed for muscle motion, thinking, feeling, and memory. Dopamine is a common neurotransmitter in the human brain and is a weak base. Its molecular weight is 153.2 g/mol. b. Experiments with rats show that if rats are dosed with 3.0 mg/kg of cocaine (that is, 3.0 mg cocaine per kg of animal mass), the concentration of dopamine in their brains increases by 0.75 𝜇𝑀 after 60 seconds. Calculate how many molecules of dopamine would be produced in a rat (average brain volume 5.00mm3) after 60 seconds of a 3.0 mg/kg dose of cocaine.