Complete the exercises below. Select the member of group 4A that best fits each description: a. has the lowest first ionization energy, b. is found in oxidation states ranging from -4 to +4, c. is most abundant in Earth’s crust.

Group 4A, also known as Group 14 in the periodic table, includes elements like carbon (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), and lead (Pb). These elements exhibit a range of oxidation states and are known for their ability to form covalent bonds. Understanding their properties, such as ionization energy and common oxidation states, is crucial for identifying the correct element based on the given descriptions.

Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom in its gaseous state. Elements in Group 4A show varying ionization energies, with heavier elements generally having lower ionization energies due to increased electron shielding and distance from the nucleus. This concept is essential for determining which element has the lowest first ionization energy among the group.

Oxidation states indicate the degree of oxidation of an atom in a compound, reflecting the number of electrons lost, gained, or shared. In Group 4A, elements can exhibit multiple oxidation states, typically ranging from -4 to +4. Recognizing these states helps in identifying the element that fits the description of having a range of oxidation states, which is particularly relevant for elements like carbon and silicon.