Textbook Question
The table below shows the normal boiling points of benzene and benzene derivatives.
(a) How many of these compounds exhibit dispersion interactions?
Ch.11 - Liquids and Intermolecular Forces
Chapter 11, Problem 82
One of the attractive features of ionic liquids is their low vapor pressure, which in turn tends to make them nonflammable. Why do you think ionic liquids have lower vapor pressures than most room-temperature molecular liquids?
Verified step by step guidance1
Step 1: Understand the nature of ionic liquids. Ionic liquids are composed of ions, which are charged particles. These ions are held together by strong electrostatic forces known as ionic bonds.
Step 2: Compare the forces in ionic liquids to those in molecular liquids. In molecular liquids, the molecules are held together by weaker intermolecular forces such as hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole interactions, or London dispersion forces.
Step 3: Consider the energy required to vaporize the liquid. For a liquid to vaporize, the particles must overcome the forces holding them together. Since ionic bonds are much stronger than the intermolecular forces in molecular liquids, more energy is required to vaporize ionic liquids.
Step 4: Relate the energy requirement to vapor pressure. Vapor pressure is a measure of a liquid's tendency to evaporate. Because ionic liquids require more energy to overcome their strong ionic bonds, they have a lower tendency to evaporate, resulting in a lower vapor pressure.
Step 5: Conclude with the implications of low vapor pressure. The low vapor pressure of ionic liquids contributes to their nonflammability, as there are fewer vapor molecules available to ignite.
Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Ionic Liquids
Ionic liquids are salts that are liquid at room temperature, composed entirely of ions. Their unique structure, which includes large, asymmetric cations and anions, leads to strong electrostatic interactions. This results in a high degree of ion pairing and limited molecular mobility, contributing to their distinctive properties, such as low vapor pressure.
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Ionic Salts
Vapor Pressure
Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid or solid phase at a given temperature. It reflects the tendency of molecules to escape from the liquid phase into the gas phase. Substances with strong intermolecular forces, like ionic liquids, have lower vapor pressures because more energy is required to overcome these forces and allow molecules to vaporize.
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Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular forces are the forces of attraction or repulsion between neighboring particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). In ionic liquids, the strong ionic bonds and interactions between charged particles create significant forces that hold the liquid together. This results in lower volatility compared to molecular liquids, where weaker van der Waals forces allow for easier vaporization.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
The table below shows the normal boiling points of benzene and benzene derivatives. (e) Why is the boiling point of phenol the highest of all?
Textbook Question
Use the normal boiling points propane (C3H8) -42.1 °C butane (C4H10) -0.5 °C pentane (C5H12) 36.1 °C hexane (C6H14) 68.7 °C heptane (C7H16) 98.4 °C to estimate the normal boiling point of octane (C8H18). Explain the trend in the boiling points.
Textbook Question
(a) When you exercise vigorously, you sweat. How does this help your body cool?
Textbook Question
(b) A flask of water is connected to a vacuum pump. A few moments after the pump is turned on, the water begins to boil. After a few minutes, the water begins to freeze. Explain why these processes occur.
Textbook Question
The following table gives the vapor pressure of hexafluorobenzene (C6F6) as a function of temperature: (a) By plotting these data in a suitable fashion, determine whether the Clausius–Clapeyron equation (Equation 11.1) is obeyed. If it is obeyed, use your plot to determine ∆Hvap for C6F6.