A particular liquid crystalline substance has the phase diagram shown in the figure. By analogy with the phase diagram for a nonliquid crystalline substance, identify the phase present in each area.

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Identify the axes of the phase diagram. Typically, the x-axis represents temperature and the y-axis represents pressure.

Locate the different regions or areas on the phase diagram. Each region corresponds to a different phase of the substance.

Identify the phase boundaries, which are the lines separating different regions. These lines indicate the conditions under which two phases coexist in equilibrium.

Determine the phases present in each region by comparing the phase diagram to a typical phase diagram for a nonliquid crystalline substance. Common phases include solid, liquid, and gas, but liquid crystalline substances may have additional phases such as nematic, smectic, or cholesteric.

Label each region with the appropriate phase name based on the characteristics of liquid crystalline substances and the analogy to nonliquid crystalline phase diagrams.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Phase Diagrams

Phase diagrams are graphical representations that show the phases of a substance as a function of temperature and pressure. They illustrate the conditions under which distinct phases, such as solid, liquid, and gas, exist and transition into one another. Understanding phase diagrams is crucial for predicting the state of a substance under varying environmental conditions.

Liquid Crystals

Liquid crystals are materials that exhibit properties between those of conventional liquids and solid crystals. They can flow like a liquid but have some degree of order, typically in their molecular arrangement. This unique behavior allows them to respond to electric fields and temperature changes, making them important in applications like displays and sensors.

Phase Transitions

Phase transitions refer to the changes in the state of matter that occur when a substance absorbs or releases energy, typically in the form of heat. Common transitions include melting, freezing, boiling, and condensation. In the context of liquid crystals, understanding these transitions is essential for identifying the different phases represented in a phase diagram.

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The following data present the temperatures at which certain vapor pressures are achieved for dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) and methyl iodide (CH3I): (c) The order of volatility of these two substances changes as the temperature is increased. What quantity must be different for the two substances for this phenom- enon to occur?

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Textbook Question

Naphthalene (C₁₀H₈) is the main ingredient in traditional mothballs. Its normal melting point is 81 °C, its normal boiling point is 218 °C, and its triple point is 80 °C at 1000 Pa. Using the data, construct a phase diagram for naphthalene, labeling all the regions of your diagram.

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