Textbook Question
The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases is characterized by
a. Dimerization and phosphorylation
b. Dimerization and IP3 binding.
c. A phosphorylation cascade
d. GTP hydrolysis
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Ch. 11 - Cell Communication
Urry11th EditionCampbell BiologyISBN: 9789357423311
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 - Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry8
- Ch. 2 - The Chemical Context of Life8
- Ch. 3 - Water and Life6
- Ch. 4 - Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life9
- Ch. 5 - The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules9
- Ch. 6 - A Tour of the Cell6
- Ch. 7 - Membrane Structure and Function6
- Ch. 8 - An Introduction to Metabolism6
- Ch. 9 - Cellular Respiration and Fermentation10
- Ch. 10 - Photosynthesis7
- Ch. 11 - Cell Communication7
- Ch. 12 - The Cell Cycle10
- Ch. 13 - Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles10
- Ch. 14 - Mendel and the Gene Idea14
- Ch, 15 - The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance7
- Ch. 16 - The Molecular Basis of Inheritance9
- Ch. 17 - Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein9
- Ch. 18 - Regulation of Gene Expression10
- Ch. 19 - Viruses6
- Ch. 20 - DNA Tools and Biotechnology8
- Ch. 21 - Genomes and Their Evolution8
- Ch. 22 - Descent with Modification: A Darwininan View of Life6
- Ch. 23 - The Evolution of Populations5
- Ch. 24 - The Origin of Species6
- Ch. 25 - The History of Life on Earth6
- Ch. 26 - Phylogeny and the Tree of Life7
- Ch. 27 - Bacteria and Archaea8
- Ch. 28 - Protists7
- Ch. 29 - Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land7
- Ch. 30 - Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants7
- Ch. 31 - Fungi5
- Ch. 32 - An Overview of Animal Diversity4
- Ch. 33 - An introduction to Invertebrates6
- Ch. 34 - The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates7
- Ch. 35 - Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development8
- Ch. 36 - Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants8
- Ch. 37 - Soil and Plant Nutrition10
- Ch. 38 - Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology8
- Ch. 39 - Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals8
- Ch. 40 - Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function8
- Ch. 41 - Animal Nutrition7
- Ch. 42 - Circulation and Gas Exchange7
- Ch. 43 - The Immune System6
- Ch. 44 - Osmoregulation and Excretion6
- Ch. 45 - Hormones and the Endocrine System8
- Ch. 46 - Animal Reproduction8
- Ch. 47 - Animal Development8
- Ch. 48 - Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling6
- Ch. 49 - Nervous Systems8
- Ch. 50 - Sensory and Motor Mechanisms5
- Ch. 51 Animal Behavior6
- Ch. 52 - An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere7
- Ch. 53 - Population Ecology10
- Ch. 54 - Community Ecology9
- Ch. 55 - Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology8
- Ch. 56 - Conservation Biology and Global Change6
Chapter 11, Problem 5
Apoptosis involves all but which of the following?
a. Fragmentation of the DNA
b. Cell-signaling pathways
c. Lysis of the cell
d. Digestion of cellular contents by scavenger cells
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand the concept of apoptosis: Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms. It is a controlled process that allows cells to die without causing harm to the surrounding tissue.
Identify the key features of apoptosis: Apoptosis is characterized by specific cellular changes, including fragmentation of DNA, cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, and the eventual engulfment of cell fragments by phagocytes.
Analyze each option: a. Fragmentation of the DNA is a hallmark of apoptosis, where the DNA is cleaved into small fragments. b. Cell-signaling pathways are involved in the regulation and execution of apoptosis, ensuring the process is tightly controlled. c. Lysis of the cell is not a feature of apoptosis; instead, it is associated with necrosis, where the cell bursts and releases its contents, causing inflammation. d. Digestion of cellular contents by scavenger cells (phagocytes) is a part of apoptosis, where these cells engulf and break down the apoptotic bodies.
Determine which option does not belong: Since apoptosis is a controlled process that avoids inflammation, the lysis of the cell (option c) is not involved in apoptosis.
Conclude the analysis: The correct answer is that apoptosis does not involve the lysis of the cell, as this would lead to uncontrolled release of cellular contents and potential damage to surrounding tissues.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Apoptosis
Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process that is crucial for maintaining healthy tissue homeostasis. It involves a series of biochemical events leading to characteristic cell changes and death, including DNA fragmentation, cell shrinkage, and membrane blebbing. Unlike necrosis, apoptosis is a controlled and non-inflammatory process.
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Cellular Interactions and Apoptosis
Cell-Signaling Pathways
Cell-signaling pathways are systems of communication that govern basic cellular activities and coordinate cell actions. In apoptosis, signaling pathways activate caspases, which are enzymes that execute the cell death program. These pathways ensure that apoptosis occurs in response to specific signals, maintaining balance within tissues.
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Lysis of the Cell
Lysis refers to the disintegration or rupture of the cell membrane, leading to cell death. In apoptosis, cell lysis does not occur; instead, the cell undergoes a controlled dismantling process. This is a key distinction from necrosis, where cell lysis results in inflammation and damage to surrounding tissues.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Lipid-soluble signaling molecules, such as aldosterone, cross the membranes of all cells but affect only target cells because
a. Only target cells retain the appropriate DNA segments.
b. Intracellular receptors are present only in target cells.
c. Only target cells have enzymes that break down aldosterone.
d. Only in target cells is aldosterone able to initiate the phosphorylation cascade that turns genes on.
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Textbook Question
Consider this pathway: epinephrine → G protein-coupled receptor → G protein → adenylyl cyclase → cAMP. Identify the second messenger.
a. cAMP
b. G protein
c. GTP
d. Adenylyl cyclase
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Textbook Question
Which observation suggested to Sutherland the involvement of a second messenger in epinephrine's effect on liver cells?
a. Enzymatic activity was proportional to the amount of calcium added to a cell-free extract.
b. Receptor studies indicated that epinephrine was a ligand.
c. Glycogen breakdown was observed only when epinephrine was administered to intact cells.
d. Glycogen breakdown was observed only when epinephrine and glycogen phosphorylase were mixed.
Textbook Question
Protein phosphorylation is commonly involved with all of the following except
a. Activation of receptor tyrosine kinases
b. Activation of protein kinase molecules
c. Activation of G protein-coupled receptors
d. Regulation of transcription by signaling molecules