The primary components of the ECF are:

(a) Lymph and cerebrospinal fluid

(b) Plasma and serous fluids

(c) Interstitial fluid and plasma

(d) All of these

The principal anions in the ICF are:

(a) Phosphate and proteins (Pr⁻)

(b) Phosphate and bicarbonate

(c) Sodium and chloride

(d) Sodium and potassium

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus monitor the osmotic concentration of the ECF and secrete _______ in response to higher osmotic concentrations. 

(a) BNP

(b) ANP

(c) aldosterone

(d) ADH

Write the missing names and molecular formulas for the following reactions between the carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system and the bicarbonate reserve.

<IMAGE>

a. ___

b. ___

c. ___

Calcium homeostasis primarily reflects:

(a) A balance between absorption in the gut and excretion by the kidneys

(b) Careful regulation of the blood calcium level by the kidneys

(c) An interplay between parathyroid hormone and aldosterone, 

(d) An interplay among reserves in the bones, the rate of absorption, and the rate of excretion

(e) Hormonal control of calcium reserves in the bones

The most important factor affecting the pH of body tissues is the concentration of:

(a) Lactic acid

(b) Ketone bodies, 

(c) Metabolic acids

(d) Carbon dioxide

(e) Hydrochloric acid

Changes in the pH of body fluids are compensated for by all of the following except:

(a) An increase in urine output

(b) The carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system

(c) The phosphate buffer system

(d) Changes in the rate and depth of breathing

(e) Protein buffers

Respiratory acidosis develops when the blood pH is:

(a) Increased due to a decreased blood P𝒸ₒ₂ level

(b) Decreased due to an increased blood P𝒸ₒ₂ level

(c) Increased due to an increased blood P𝒸ₒ₂ level

(d) Decreased due to a decreased blood P𝒸ₒ₂ level

Metabolic alkalosis occurs when:

(a) Bicarbonate ion concentrations become elevated

(b) A severe bicarbonate loss occurs

(c) The kidneys fail to excrete hydrogen ions

(d) Ketone bodies are generated in abnormally large quantities