Mr. Gupta has been diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome, which is characterized by the loss of plasma proteins such as albumin into the urine. What impact will this have on his colloid osmotic pressure? How will this affect the net filtration pressure in his capillary beds? What effect will this likely cause?

Predict the effects the following scenarios would have on glomerular filtration:

a. Having excess proteins in the blood, increasing colloid osmotic pressure

Predict the effects the following scenarios would have on glomerular filtration:

b. Having low arterial blood pressure (hypotension)

Predict the effects the following scenarios would have on glomerular filtration:

c. Having high arterial blood pressure (hypertension)

Trace the pathway taken by a molecule of urea through the kidney from the glomerulus to the renal pelvis if the urea is recycled.

Explain why urinary tract infections, which involve the urethra and urinary bladder, are much more common in females than males.

Why must the kidneys establish a concentration gradient in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla in order to produce concentrated urine?

Drugs that treat hypertension, or high blood pressure, have the following actions. Discuss the specific effect that each drug will have on the kidneys.

a. Blocking the action of aldosterone on the kidneys

Drugs that treat hypertension, or high blood pressure, have the following actions. Discuss the specific effect that each drug will have on the kidneys.

b. Blocking the receptor for angiotensin-II on blood vessels and in the renal tubule cells