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Problem 10b
Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
The tidal volume is the amount of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration.
Problem 10c
Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
The inspiratory capacity is equal to the vital capacity plus the tidal volume.
Problem 10d
Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
The vital capacity is the total amount of exchangeable air.
Problem 11
Which of the following does not affect the efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange?
a. The surface area of the respiratory membrane
b. The degree of match of ventilation to perfusion
c. The percent saturation of hemoglobin
d. The thickness of the respiratory membrane
Problem 12
Henry's law states that the degree to which a gas dissolves in a liquid is determined by its:
a. Partial pressure
b. Solubility
c. Surface tension
d. Both a and b are correct
e. All of the above are correct
Problem 13
When the alveolar Pco₂ decreases, the pulmonary arterioles_____. When the arteriolar Pco₂ increases, the bronchioles_______.
Problem 14a
Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
Oxygen is transported primarily by dissolving in the plasma.
Problem 14b
Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
Each Hb protein can carry up to four oxygen molecules.
Problem 14c
Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
Hb in arterial blood is normally almost fully saturated.
Problem 14d
Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
When the PO₂ of arterial blood drops slightly, the percent saturation of Hb drops dramatically.
Problem 14e
Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
Increased PCO2, temperature, and hydrogen ion concentration all increase Hb's affinity for oxygen.
Problem 15
Match the following terms with the correct description.
Bicarbonate ion
Hemoglobin
BPG
Carbonic anhydrase
Chloride shift
Carbaminohemoglobin
a. The movement of anions into the erythrocyte to balance the outward movement of bicarbonate
b. Hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide
c. Enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid
d. The main way carbon dioxide is transported in the blood
e. Protein that transports oxygen in the blood
f. Substance that decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen
Problem 16
Hyperventilation causes a/an _____ in PCO₂, which causes a/an ______ in blood pH. Hypoventilation causes a/an _____ in PCO₂, which causes a/an _____ in blood pH.
Problem 17
The basic rhythm for breathing is maintained by the:
a. Respiratory pattern generator of the pons.
b. Dorsal respiratory group of the medulla.
c. Ventral respiratory group of the pons.
d. Respiratory pattern generator of the medulla.
Problem 18
Which of the following groups of neurons stimulate the diaphragm and intercostal muscles?
a. The dorsal respiratory group
b. The ventral respiratory group
c. The respiratory pattern generator
d. The central chemoreceptors
Problem 19
The main chemical factor(s) to which the central chemoreceptors of the medulla respond is/are ______, whereas the main chemical factor to which the peripheral chemoreceptors respond is ______.
Problem 20
Which of the following statements is false?
a. COPD has three subclasses: emphysema, small airway disease, and chronic bronchitis.
b. An obstructive disease pattern is characterized by increased airway resistance, which makes expiration difficult.
c. Asthma is characterized by bronchoconstriction, airway inflammation, and excessive mucus secretion.
d. Research has demonstrated that cigarette smoking only marginally increases the risk of lung cancer.